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英语翻译.英语翻译资料包 2007-11-30 20:27:50 阅读53 评论0 字号：大中小 订阅 .
教学目的与要求
教学目的：
阐释翻译的性质与特点、介绍翻译的基本理论、概括翻译的常用技巧、揭示英汉语言、文化、思维的差异、提高英语理解和汉语表达水平，加强文字素养、培养跨文化交流的能力。
教学要求：
能灵活地运用所学翻译理论与常用技巧，发挥主观能动性，做到忠实、通顺地翻译中等难度的文学作品节录，以及英美报刊杂志有关政治、经济、历史、文化等时文；提高逻辑思维、形象思维、经验思维等认知能力，通过翻译表现出较高的综合素养。
译者的基本要求
有扎实双语基础
有较广百科知识
有较高理论素养
会高超翻译技巧
持严肃认真态度
具一丝不苟精神
应勤查勤用词典
培养多种思维力
不断总结与完善
Basic Knowledge about Translation
Translation history in China
Important role of translation
Nature and Scope of translation
Principles or Criteria of Translation
Literal Translation and Free Translation
Translation Techniques
Translation History in China
周代《礼记》：五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。
东汉至唐代：佛经翻译（translation of Buddhist scriptures)
三大佛经翻译家：鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘
Translation History in China
明清科技翻译和社科翻译
徐光启和利玛窦《几何原本》
严复《天演论》、《原富》等
林纾 《巴黎茶花女遗事》
五四时期：鲁迅、瞿秋白
新中国成立后
佳译与误译举例
Coca Cola 可口可乐
Club 俱乐部
Laser 激光
Hacker 黑客
Role of translation in international politics
二战期间日本对波茨坦公告表示mokasutu
“高明地不表态”（keep silent sophisticatedly)
“不理睬，蔑视”（ignore,despise)
Nature and Scope of Translation
翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”的活动。（《词海》）
“翻译就是用接受语复制出原语信息最接近的自然本质体——首先就意义而言，其次就其风格而言。”（Nida）
翻译就是“把一种语言（源发语）的文本材料替换成另一种语言（目的语）中对等的文本材料” （Catford）
Nature of translation
汉语中的“翻译”一词：
A subject in the cirriculum
A job people are engaged in
A piece of literary work
The translating or interpreting work itself
The translator or interpreter himslef/herslef
翻译是科学（a science)
翻译是艺术（an art)
翻译是技巧（a craft)
Scope of translation
1)从出发语和归宿语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语。
2)从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
3)从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政治翻译、科技翻译和其他应用文翻译。
4）按具体处理方式分为全译、摘译和编译等。
Principles or Criteria of Translation
严复：信、达、雅（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)
傅雷：神似（spiritual conformity)
钱钟书：化境（sublimed adaption)
张培基：忠实、通顺（faithfulness and smoothness)
Literal Translation and Free Translation
直译（literal translation)
意译（free translation)
音译（transliteration)
Literal translation
How are you? *怎么是你？
How old are you? *怎么老是你？
horse horse tiger tiger *马马虎虎
where cool where you stay!!
*哪儿凉快哪儿呆着
you give me stop!! *你给我站住！！
we are brother，who and who？
*咱哥俩谁跟谁啊
Literal transaltion
Breathe one’s last (断气）
Go to one’s eternal rest （安息）
See God(见上帝）
See Marx(见马克思）
Go west(归西）
Kick the bucket(蹬腿儿了）
Go to heaven(进天国）
Literal translation
Corcodile tears（鳄鱼的眼泪）
Be armed to the teeth（武装到牙齿）
Chain reaction (连锁反应）
Gentlemen’s agreement(君子协定）
四书五经 （the Four Books and the Five Classics)
一国两制 （one country, two systems)
Free translation
Adam’s apple 喉结
At sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。（不必自寻烦恼）。
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？
Literal translation and free translation
There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.
Lt: 罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。
Ft: 丑女不愁嫁。
What the tougue says, the neck pays for.
Lt: 舌头说话，脖子还帐。
Ft: 舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。
Literal translation and free translation
Little fish does not eat big fish.
Lt: 小鱼吃不了大鱼。
Ft: 胳膊拧不过大腿。
A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.
Lt: 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。
Ft: 大门把你关门外，礼物送到门自开。
A 毛泽东又很好的教养，内部是刚，有坚强
的抗力，是坚韧的材料制成的：这是义和团设
想的由于神力具有的、可以把腹部袒露给外国
人的子弹的那种材料。
B: 毛泽东教养有素，精神支柱铁铸钢打，不怕高压，是由坚韧的组织构成的。这种组织，就是义和拳认为他们通过魔法得到的那种组织——袒胸露体，刀枪不入。
Translation Techniques
1) Diction 选字用词
2）Amplification 增益
3）Omission 省略
4）Repetition 重复
5）Conversion 转换
6）Restructuring 词序调整
7）Negation 正说反译，反说正译
8）Division 长句拆译
practice
Every life has its roses and thorns.
He carried his age astonishingly well.
他一点儿不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。
Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed.
尼克松对受到破格礼遇非常高兴，但并
没有受宠若惊。
“I’ll have Lisa where I want her.”
“我要让丽莎乖乖听话。”
He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。
It is the same old story of not grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
Send 的翻译
You luggage will be sent up very soon.
He was given a big send-off at the station.
Who sent the letter?
Have you sent off the order?
Please send him in.
He sends words that he wouldn’t be coming.
Could you send *****. to help us?
Please send the goods by air.
The shot sent the birds flying away.
Send for the doctor, please.
A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.
一张问候卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手告别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可用以平息争吵，减轻痛苦，提高士气，消除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
Diction（遣词用字）
Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level（英汉词字层次上的对等关系）
Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word（英语词义辨析法）
Techniques of Translating a Given English Word （英语词语翻译技巧）
Context （语境）
I’ll finish the book next week.
As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里没有人。
As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.
真不巧，野餐那天下雨了。
Context
Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。
张力在增大。
电压在增加。
压力在增强。
情绪越来越紧张。
血压在增高。
Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level
Word-for-Word Correspondence（词义完全对等)
One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning（词义多种同义对等）
One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings（词义多种不同对等）
Equivalents Interwoven with One Another （词义交织对等）
Words Without Equivalents（无对等词语）
Word-for-Word Correspondence（词义完全对等)
Marxism =马克思主义
The U.S. State Department=美国国务院
The Pacific Ocean=太平洋
Aspirin=阿斯匹林
白血病=leukemia
非典=SARS（severe acute respiratory syndrome ）
One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning
Wife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人
Potato: 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋
人：human being, man, people, person
犬：dog, hound, spaniel(长毛垂耳狗 ）, mastiff（大猛犬 ）, terrier(小猎犬 )
One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings（
Cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹
President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长
Carry:搬、运、送、提、挑、抬、背、扛、抱、端、夹、捧
走：walk, amble, stride, trudge, tiptoe
机：machine, engine, plane, aircraft
羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb
Equivalents Interwoven with One Another （词义交织对等）
Say 说
Speak 讲
Talk 谈
Tell 诉
Words Without Equivalents（无对等词语）
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年
Prey: 被捕食的动物
Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人
Dress a baby 给婴儿穿衣
Dress a chicken 把鸡放血、去毛、去头和内脏开膛待烹
阴 yin
阳 yang
英语词义辨析法
Judging from the Word Formation（根据构词法辨析词义）
Judging from the References（指代关系）
Judging from the Context and Collocation（上下文或词的搭配）
Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties（不同学科或专业类型）
Judging from the Word Formation（根据构词法辨析词义）
parabiospheric=para-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(having the form of a sphere)=外生物层的
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis=pneumono(of lung)+ultra(beyond)+micor(very small)+scopic(of viewing or observing)+silico(of silicon)+volcano(of volcano)+coni(koni, of dust)+osis(forming the name of a disease)=硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）
Judging from the References（指代关系）
1）第三人称代词；不定代词（some, any, each, both,much, few, little)
He(father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.
他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。
Judging from the References（指代关系）
2）指示代词和副词(this, that, these, those,here, there, now, then, etc.)
Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。（或：因为后者不能像前者那样给人那么多幸福。）
Judging from the References（指代关系）
3）比较
I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.
我讨厌穿烂衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫。
Judging from the Context and Collocation（上下文或词的搭配）
His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. （发生故障）
Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. （研制避雷针）
A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.（得出论断）
Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. （培育新品种）
As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. （患上结核病）
We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. （开发资源）
In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. （进行设计）
delicate
Delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤
Delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器
Delicate upbringing 娇生惯养
Delicate living 奢侈的生活
Delicate health 虚弱的身体
Delicate stomach 容易吃坏的胃
Delicate vase 容易碰碎的花瓶
Delicate diplomatic question 微妙的外交问题
Delicate difference 讲不大清楚的差别
Delicate surgical operation 难做的外科手术
Delicate ear for music 对音乐有鉴赏力
Delicate sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉
Delicate touch 生花妙笔
Delicate food 美味的食物
Delicate features 清秀的五官
Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties
Base 词根、本金、底涂、基线、根据地
The lathe should be set on a frim base.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。
As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。
Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.
AB线是三角形ABC的底边。
He is on the second base.
他在二垒。
Techniques of Translating a Given English Word （英语词语翻译技巧）
Deduction 推演法
Transplant 移植法
Extension 引申法
Substitution 替代法
Explanation 释义法
Combination 合并法
Transliteration 音译法
Pictographic Translation 图形法
Deduction
Boomer:a person born in the marked rise in birthrate (as in the U.S. immediately following the end of World War II) 生于高峰期出生的人
Community:a social group or class having common interests 群体，…派（界）
Challenge: to question the lawfulness or rightness of (something or somebody) 对…表示怀疑，质疑；对…提出异议
Transplant
Microwave 微波
Supermarket 超级市场
Splashdown 溅落
Dataphone 数据送话（机）
Extension
Bottleneck 瓶颈 交通狭口 阻塞
Brain trust 脑托拉斯 智囊团
Brain drain 脑排干 人才外流 人才流失
It is more than transient everydayness.
这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。
Substitution
To kill *****. as an example 杀一儆百
Please withhold the handout.
请不要发这些材料。
He was indeed a good riddance. 他还是不在的好。
The same is not true with a mortal illness.
如果是得了不治之症，情况就不一样了。
explanation
Mindlessness 思想上的混沌状态
Togetherness 不分彼此的集体感
Redshirt 美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生
Swan song 绝唱，辞世之作，归天之作
A throwaway society 一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会
Combination
So subtle and careful an observer
一位如此精细的观察者
His mendacity and dishonesty
他的狡诈
A grim and tragic Christmas
一个惨淡的圣诞节
The body and mind cramped by noxious work
有害工作造成的身心困顿
Transliteration
Wall Street 华尔街
The Times 泰晤士报
Pentium 奔腾
Citroen 雪铁龙
Clone 克隆
Internet 因特网
Hacker 黑客
Pictographic Translation
H-beam 工字梁
O-ring 环形圈
U-steel 槽钢
V-belt 三角皮带
X-brace 交叉支撑
Y-curve 叉形曲线
Amplification（增词法）
Supplying words omitted in the original
Supplying necessary connectives
Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality
Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear
Logical thinking
Supplying words of generalization
For purposes of rhetoric or coherence
repetition
Supplying words omitted in the original
Matter can be changed to energy, and energy into matter.
物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.
我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。
Supplying necessary connectives
Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受热，就会汽化。
However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.
不管锅炉与蒸汽管封闭的多么严密，还是有一部分热散失损耗掉。
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。
Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality
He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.
他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。
The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。
The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。
Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear
After all preparations were made, the plane took off.
一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
Persuasion 说服工作 backwardness 落后状态 tension 紧张局势 arrogance 自满情绪 madness 疯狂行为
Logical thinking
Air pressure decreases with altitude.
气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.
我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。
Supplying words of generalization
According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
根据科学家的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。
The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.
美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。
For purposes of rhetoric or coherence
This printer is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打印机真是物美价廉。
Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.
不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧！
Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing,cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
Repetition
Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。
He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.
他不再梦见风暴，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。
被动语态
The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation
•The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice 被动语态转为主动语态
•The Passive Voice Converted into a Sentence Without a Subject 被动语态转为无主句
•The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged 被动语态保持不变
•The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其他手段代替
The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice
•1）The Original Subject Unchanged
•2) Changing Original Object into Subject
•3) Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb “是”
•4) Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth
•1）The Original Subject Unchanged
•2) Changing Original Object into Subject
•3) Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb “是”
•4) Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth
第二堂规划课
英语翻译.英语翻译资料包 2007-11-30 20:27:50 阅读53 评论0 字号：大中小 订阅 .
教学目的与要求
教学目的：
阐释翻译的性质与特点、介绍翻译的基本理论、概括翻译的常用技巧、揭示英汉语言、文化、思维的差异、提高英语理解和汉语表达水平，加强文字素养、培养跨文化交流的能力。
教学要求：
能灵活地运用所学翻译理论与常用技巧，发挥主观能动性，做到忠实、通顺地翻译中等难度的文学作品节录，以及英美报刊杂志有关政治、经济、历史、文化等时文；提高逻辑思维、形象思维、经验思维等认知能力，通过翻译表现出较高的综合素养。
译者的基本要求
有扎实双语基础
有较广百科知识
有较高理论素养
会高超翻译技巧
持严肃认真态度
具一丝不苟精神
应勤查勤用词典
培养多种思维力
不断总结与完善
Basic Knowledge about Translation
Translation history in China
Important role of translation
Nature and Scope of translation
Principles or Criteria of Translation
Literal Translation and Free Translation
Translation Techniques
Translation History in China
周代《礼记》：五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。
东汉至唐代：佛经翻译（translation of Buddhist scriptures)
三大佛经翻译家：鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘
Translation History in China
明清科技翻译和社科翻译
徐光启和利玛窦《几何原本》
严复《天演论》、《原富》等
林纾 《巴黎茶花女遗事》
五四时期：鲁迅、瞿秋白
新中国成立后
佳译与误译举例
Coca Cola 可口可乐
Club 俱乐部
Laser 激光
Hacker 黑客
Role of translation in international politics
二战期间日本对波茨坦公告表示mokasutu
“高明地不表态”（keep silent sophisticatedly)
“不理睬，蔑视”（ignore,despise)
Nature and Scope of Translation
翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”的活动。（《词海》）
“翻译就是用接受语复制出原语信息最接近的自然本质体——首先就意义而言，其次就其风格而言。”（Nida）
翻译就是“把一种语言（源发语）的文本材料替换成另一种语言（目的语）中对等的文本材料” （Catford）
Nature of translation
汉语中的“翻译”一词：
A subject in the cirriculum
A job people are engaged in
A piece of literary work
The translating or interpreting work itself
The translator or interpreter himslef/herslef
翻译是科学（a science)
翻译是艺术（an art)
翻译是技巧（a craft)
Scope of translation
1)从出发语和归宿语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语。
2)从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
3)从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政治翻译、科技翻译和其他应用文翻译。
4）按具体处理方式分为全译、摘译和编译等。
Principles or Criteria of Translation
严复：信、达、雅（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)
傅雷：神似（spiritual conformity)
钱钟书：化境（sublimed adaption)
张培基：忠实、通顺（faithfulness and smoothness)
Literal Translation and Free Translation
直译（literal translation)
意译（free translation)
音译（transliteration)
Literal translation
How are you? *怎么是你？
How old are you? *怎么老是你？
horse horse tiger tiger *马马虎虎
where cool where you stay!!
*哪儿凉快哪儿呆着
you give me stop!! *你给我站住！！
we are brother，who and who？
*咱哥俩谁跟谁啊
Literal transaltion
Breathe one’s last (断气）
Go to one’s eternal rest （安息）
See God(见上帝）
See Marx(见马克思）
Go west(归西）
Kick the bucket(蹬腿儿了）
Go to heaven(进天国）
Literal translation
Corcodile tears（鳄鱼的眼泪）
Be armed to the teeth（武装到牙齿）
Chain reaction (连锁反应）
Gentlemen’s agreement(君子协定）
四书五经 （the Four Books and the Five Classics)
一国两制 （one country, two systems)
Free translation
Adam’s apple 喉结
At sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。（不必自寻烦恼）。
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？
Literal translation and free translation
There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.
Lt: 罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。
Ft: 丑女不愁嫁。
What the tougue says, the neck pays for.
Lt: 舌头说话，脖子还帐。
Ft: 舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。
Literal translation and free translation
Little fish does not eat big fish.
Lt: 小鱼吃不了大鱼。
Ft: 胳膊拧不过大腿。
A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.
Lt: 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。
Ft: 大门把你关门外，礼物送到门自开。
A 毛泽东又很好的教养，内部是刚，有坚强
的抗力，是坚韧的材料制成的：这是义和团设
想的由于神力具有的、可以把腹部袒露给外国
人的子弹的那种材料。
B: 毛泽东教养有素，精神支柱铁铸钢打，不怕高压，是由坚韧的组织构成的。这种组织，就是义和拳认为他们通过魔法得到的那种组织——袒胸露体，刀枪不入。
Translation Techniques
1) Diction 选字用词
2）Amplification 增益
3）Omission 省略
4）Repetition 重复
5）Conversion 转换
6）Restructuring 词序调整
7）Negation 正说反译，反说正译
8）Division 长句拆译
practice
Every life has its roses and thorns.
He carried his age astonishingly well.
他一点儿不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。
Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed.
尼克松对受到破格礼遇非常高兴，但并
没有受宠若惊。
“I’ll have Lisa where I want her.”
“我要让丽莎乖乖听话。”
He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。
It is the same old story of not grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
Send 的翻译
You luggage will be sent up very soon.
He was given a big send-off at the station.
Who sent the letter?
Have you sent off the order?
Please send him in.
He sends words that he wouldn’t be coming.
Could you send *****. to help us?
Please send the goods by air.
The shot sent the birds flying away.
Send for the doctor, please.
A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.
一张问候卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手告别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可用以平息争吵，减轻痛苦，提高士气，消除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
Diction（遣词用字）
Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level（英汉词字层次上的对等关系）
Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word（英语词义辨析法）
Techniques of Translating a Given English Word （英语词语翻译技巧）
Context （语境）
I’ll finish the book next week.
As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里没有人。
As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.
真不巧，野餐那天下雨了。
Context
Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。
张力在增大。
电压在增加。
压力在增强。
情绪越来越紧张。
血压在增高。
Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level
Word-for-Word Correspondence（词义完全对等)
One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning（词义多种同义对等）
One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings（词义多种不同对等）
Equivalents Interwoven with One Another （词义交织对等）
Words Without Equivalents（无对等词语）
Word-for-Word Correspondence（词义完全对等)
Marxism =马克思主义
The U.S. State Department=美国国务院
The Pacific Ocean=太平洋
Aspirin=阿斯匹林
白血病=leukemia
非典=SARS（severe acute respiratory syndrome ）
One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning
Wife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人
Potato: 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋
人：human being, man, people, person
犬：dog, hound, spaniel(长毛垂耳狗 ）, mastiff（大猛犬 ）, terrier(小猎犬 )
One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings（
Cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹
President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长
Carry:搬、运、送、提、挑、抬、背、扛、抱、端、夹、捧
走：walk, amble, stride, trudge, tiptoe
机：machine, engine, plane, aircraft
羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb
Equivalents Interwoven with One Another （词义交织对等）
Say 说
Speak 讲
Talk 谈
Tell 诉
Words Without Equivalents（无对等词语）
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年
Prey: 被捕食的动物
Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人
Dress a baby 给婴儿穿衣
Dress a chicken 把鸡放血、去毛、去头和内脏开膛待烹
阴 yin
阳 yang
英语词义辨析法
Judging from the Word Formation（根据构词法辨析词义）
Judging from the References（指代关系）
Judging from the Context and Collocation（上下文或词的搭配）
Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties（不同学科或专业类型）
Judging from the Word Formation（根据构词法辨析词义）
parabiospheric=para-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(having the form of a sphere)=外生物层的
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis=pneumono(of lung)+ultra(beyond)+micor(very small)+scopic(of viewing or observing)+silico(of silicon)+volcano(of volcano)+coni(koni, of dust)+osis(forming the name of a disease)=硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）
Judging from the References（指代关系）
1）第三人称代词；不定代词（some, any, each, both,much, few, little)
He(father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.
他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。
Judging from the References（指代关系）
2）指示代词和副词(this, that, these, those,here, there, now, then, etc.)
Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。（或：因为后者不能像前者那样给人那么多幸福。）
Judging from the References（指代关系）
3）比较
I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.
我讨厌穿烂衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫。
Judging from the Context and Collocation（上下文或词的搭配）
His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. （发生故障）
Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. （研制避雷针）
A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.（得出论断）
Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. （培育新品种）
As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. （患上结核病）
We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. （开发资源）
In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. （进行设计）
delicate
Delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤
Delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器
Delicate upbringing 娇生惯养
Delicate living 奢侈的生活
Delicate health 虚弱的身体
Delicate stomach 容易吃坏的胃
Delicate vase 容易碰碎的花瓶
Delicate diplomatic question 微妙的外交问题
Delicate difference 讲不大清楚的差别
Delicate surgical operation 难做的外科手术
Delicate ear for music 对音乐有鉴赏力
Delicate sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉
Delicate touch 生花妙笔
Delicate food 美味的食物
Delicate features 清秀的五官
Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties
Base 词根、本金、底涂、基线、根据地
The lathe should be set on a frim base.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。
As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。
Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.
AB线是三角形ABC的底边。
He is on the second base.
他在二垒。
Techniques of Translating a Given English Word （英语词语翻译技巧）
Deduction 推演法
Transplant 移植法
Extension 引申法
Substitution 替代法
Explanation 释义法
Combination 合并法
Transliteration 音译法
Pictographic Translation 图形法
Deduction
Boomer:a person born in the marked rise in birthrate (as in the U.S. immediately following the end of World War II) 生于高峰期出生的人
Community:a social group or class having common interests 群体，…派（界）
Challenge: to question the lawfulness or rightness of (something or somebody) 对…表示怀疑，质疑；对…提出异议
Transplant
Microwave 微波
Supermarket 超级市场
Splashdown 溅落
Dataphone 数据送话（机）
Extension
Bottleneck 瓶颈 交通狭口 阻塞
Brain trust 脑托拉斯 智囊团
Brain drain 脑排干 人才外流 人才流失
It is more than transient everydayness.
这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。
Substitution
To kill *****. as an example 杀一儆百
Please withhold the handout.
请不要发这些材料。
He was indeed a good riddance. 他还是不在的好。
The same is not true with a mortal illness.
如果是得了不治之症，情况就不一样了。
explanation
Mindlessness 思想上的混沌状态
Togetherness 不分彼此的集体感
Redshirt 美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生
Swan song 绝唱，辞世之作，归天之作
A throwaway society 一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会
Combination
So subtle and careful an observer
一位如此精细的观察者
His mendacity and dishonesty
他的狡诈
A grim and tragic Christmas
一个惨淡的圣诞节
The body and mind cramped by noxious work
有害工作造成的身心困顿
Transliteration
Wall Street 华尔街
The Times 泰晤士报
Pentium 奔腾
Citroen 雪铁龙
Clone 克隆
Internet 因特网
Hacker 黑客
Pictographic Translation
H-beam 工字梁
O-ring 环形圈
U-steel 槽钢
V-belt 三角皮带
X-brace 交叉支撑
Y-curve 叉形曲线
Amplification（增词法）
Supplying words omitted in the original
Supplying necessary connectives
Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality
Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear
Logical thinking
Supplying words of generalization
For purposes of rhetoric or coherence
repetition
Supplying words omitted in the original
Matter can be changed to energy, and energy into matter.
物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.
我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。
Supplying necessary connectives
Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受热，就会汽化。
However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.
不管锅炉与蒸汽管封闭的多么严密，还是有一部分热散失损耗掉。
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。
Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality
He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.
他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。
The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。
The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。
Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear
After all preparations were made, the plane took off.
一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
Persuasion 说服工作 backwardness 落后状态 tension 紧张局势 arrogance 自满情绪 madness 疯狂行为
Logical thinking
Air pressure decreases with altitude.
气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.
我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。
Supplying words of generalization
According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
根据科学家的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。
The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.
美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。
For purposes of rhetoric or coherence
This printer is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打印机真是物美价廉。
Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.
不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧！
Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing,cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
Repetition
Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。
He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.
他不再梦见风暴，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。
被动语态
The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation
•The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice 被动语态转为主动语态
•The Passive Voice Converted into a Sentence Without a Subject 被动语态转为无主句
•The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged 被动语态保持不变
•The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其他手段代替
The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice
•1）The Original Subject Unchanged
•2) Changing Original Object into Subject
•3) Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb “是”
•4) Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth
•1）The Original Subject Unchanged
•2) Changing Original Object into Subject
•3) Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb “是”
•4) Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth
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