criminal case trial documents are generally open to the public due to a strong presumption in favor of public access, rooted in common law and the First Amendment. This transparency serves as a crucial check on the judicial system, ensuring fairness and accountability.
General Rule of Access
Most documents filed in adult criminal cases—including complaints, motions, evidence admitted at trial, and transcripts of proceedings—are considered public records unless a specific exception applies. The public and press have a qualified right of access to these materials.
Common Exceptions
While openness is the rule, courts balance the public interest with other important considerations, allowing certain documents or information to be sealed or redacted:
- Ongoing Investigations: Documents related to active investigations, such as unexecuted search warrants or information about confidential informants, may be sealed temporarily to avoid compromising the case or endangering individuals.
- Juvenile Records: Cases involving minors are typically kept confidential to protect their privacy and future prospects.
- Victim Protection: Information that could endanger a victim or witness, such as identifying details in a sensitive case like a sex crime, may be protected.
- National Security: Classified information vital to national security can be sealed by court order.
- Personal Privacy: Sensitive personal details like Social Security numbers, financial account information, and birth dates are routinely redacted from public filings to prevent identity theft and an invasion of privacy.
- Trade Secrets: Confidential business information or trade secrets may be protected from public disclosure.
