Yes — frame-level anomalies can and do occur with camera video. They can come from multiple layers of the capture, compression, or playback pipeline. Some of the most common categories:
1.
Sensor & Capture Artifacts
- Dropped frames: The camera fails to capture at the intended framerate (e.g., 30 fps becomes 28 fps intermittently).
- Rolling shutter distortions: Fast movement or vibration makes vertical lines appear skewed because rows of pixels are captured sequentially.
- Hot/dead pixels: Individual sensor elements fail, showing as bright dots or black spots across multiple frames.
- Banding/flicker: Caused by mismatches between camera shutter speed and lighting frequency (fluorescent or LED lights).
2.
Compression & Encoding Issues
- Frame freezing: A frame repeats when the encoder drops updates (common in low-bandwidth streaming).
- Blockiness/macroblocking: Parts of a frame show large square artifacts when compression is too aggressive.
- P-frame corruption: Since many codecs only store differences between frames, corruption in one frame can propagate until the next keyframe (I-frame).
- Color bleeding or banding: Reduced bit-depth or chroma subsampling causes visible shifts across frames.
3.
Transmission & Storage Errors
- Partial frame corruption: Horizontal tearing, misplaced blocks, or scrambled lines if packets are lost.
- Out-of-order frames: Buffering or sync errors may reorder frames.
- Frame timing drift: Audio and video fall out of sync if timestamps slip.
4.
Post-Processing or Playback Anomalies
- Ghosting: Overlapping of two frames due to deinterlacing or motion interpolation problems.
- Judder/stutter: Uneven motion when converting framerates (e.g., 24 → 30 fps).
- Frame interpolation artifacts: AI or TV processors create “soap opera effect” or introduce morphing glitches.
