IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
X. TERRAIN
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding.
24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.
九 行军篇
孙子曰：
凡处军相敌，绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水，客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半渡而击之利，欲战者，无附于水而迎客，视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，唯亟去无留，若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。军旁有险阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。
敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也；其所居易者，利也；众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也；鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也；尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条达者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也；辞卑而备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；无约而请和者，谋也；奔走而陈兵者，期也；半进半退者，诱也；杖而立者，饥也；汲而先饮者，渴也；见利而不进者，劳也；鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；杀马肉食者，军无粮也；悬□②不返其舍者，穷寇也；谆谆□③□③，徐与人言者，失众也；数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。
兵非贵益多也，惟无武进，足以并力料敌取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。卒未亲而罚之，则不服，不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用。故合之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令素不行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。
【注：】
①：“翳”加“艹”头。
②：［垂瓦］。
③：［讠翕］。
九、行军篇译文
【原文】孙子曰：凡处军相敌，绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水，客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半渡而击之利，欲战者，无附于水而迎客，视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，唯亟去无留，若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也
【译文】孙子说：在各种不同地形上处置军队和观察判断敌情时，应该注意：通过山地，必须依靠有水草的山谷，驻扎在居高向阳的地方，敌人占领高地，不要仰攻，这是在山地上对军队的处置原则。横渡江河，应远离水流驻扎，敌人渡水来战，不要在江河中迎击，而要等它渡过一半时再攻击，这样较为有利。如果要同敌人决战，不要紧靠水边列阵；在江河地带扎营，也要居高向阳，不要面迎水流，这是在江河地带上对军队处置的原则。通过盐碱沼泽地带，要迅速离开，不要逗留；如果同敌军相遇于盐碱沼泽地带，那就必须靠近水草而背靠树林，这是在盐碱沼泽地带上对军队处置的原则。在平原上应占领开阔地域，而侧翼要依托高地，前低后高。这是在平原地带上对军队处置的原则。以上四中“处军”原则的好处，就是黄帝之所以能战胜其他四帝的原因。
【原文】凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。
【译文】大凡驻军总是喜欢干燥的高地，避开潮湿的洼地；重视向阳之处，避开阴暗之地；靠近水草地区，军需供应充足，将士百病不生，这样就有了胜利的保证。在丘陵堤防行军，必须占领它向阳的一面，并把主要侧翼背靠着它。这些对于用兵有利的措施，是利用地形作为辅助条件的。上游下雨，洪水突至，禁止徒涉，应等待水流稍平缓以后。
【原文】凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。军旁有险阻、潢井、葭苇、林木、翳荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。
【译文】凡遇到或通过“绝涧”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天罗”、“天陷”、“天隙”这几种地形，必须迅速离开，不要接近。我们应该远离这些地形，而让敌人去靠近它；我们应面向这些地形，而让敌人去背靠它。军队两旁遇到有险峻的隘路、湖沼、水网、芦苇、山林和草木茂盛的地方，必须谨慎地反复搜索，这些都是敌人可能埋设伏兵和隐伏奸细的地方。
【原文】敌近而静者，恃其险也； 远而挑战者，欲人之进也； 其所居易者，利也； 众树动者，来也； 众草多障者，疑也； 鸟起者，伏也； 兽骇者，覆也； 尘高而锐者，车来也； 卑而广者，徒来也； 散而条达者，樵采也； 少而往来者，营军也；
【译文】、敌人离我很近而安静的，是依仗它占领险要地形；敌人离我很远但挑战不休，是想诱我前进；敌人之所以驻扎在平坦地方，是因为对它有某种好处。许多树木摇动，是敌人隐蔽前来；草丛中有许多遮障物，是敌人布下的疑阵；群鸟惊飞，是下面有伏兵；野兽骇奔，是敌人大举突袭；尘土高而尖，是敌人战车驶来；尘土低而宽广，是敌人的步兵开来；尘土疏散飞扬，是敌人正在拽柴而走；尘土少而时起时落；是敌人正在扎营。
【原文】辞卑而益备者，进也； 辞强而进驱者，退也； 轻车先出居其侧者，陈也； 无约而请和者，谋也； 奔走而陈兵者，期也； 半进半退者，诱也；
【译文】敌人使者措辞谦卑却又在加紧战备的，是准备进攻；措辞强硬而军队又做出前进姿态的，是准备撤退；轻车先出动，部署在两翼的，是在布列阵势；敌人尚未受挫而来讲和的，是另有阴谋；敌人急速奔跑并排并列阵的，是企图约期同我决战；敌人半进半退的，是企图引诱我军。
【原文】杖而立者，饥也； 汲而先饮者，渴也； 见利而不进者，劳也； 鸟集者，虚也； 夜呼者，恐也； 军扰者，将不重也； 旌旗动者，乱也； 吏怒者，倦也；杀马肉食者，军无粮也； 悬缸不返其舍者，穷寇也； 谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也； 数赏者，窘也； 数罚者，困也； 先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。 兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。
【译文】抵兵倚着兵器而站立的，是饥饿的表现；供水兵打水自己先饮的，是干渴的表现；敌人见利而不进兵争夺的，是疲劳的表现；敌人营寨上聚集鸟雀的，下面是空营；敌人夜间惊叫的，是恐慌的表现；敌营惊扰纷乱的，是敌将没有威严的表现；旌旗摇动不整齐的，是敌人队伍已经混乱。敌人军官易怒的，是全军疲倦的表现；用粮食喂马，杀马吃肉，收拾起汲水器具，部队不返营房的，是要拼死的穷寇；低声下气同部下讲话的，是敌将失去人心；不断犒赏士卒的，是敌军没有办法；不断惩罚部属的，是敌人处境困难；先粗暴然后又害怕部下的，是最不精明的将领；派来使者送礼言好的，是敌人想休兵息战；敌人逞怒同我对阵，但久不交锋又不撤退的，必须谨慎地观察他的企图。
【原文】兵非贵益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。卒未亲而罚之，则不服，不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用。故合之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令素不行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。
【译文】打仗不在于兵力越多越好，只要不轻敌冒进，并集中兵力、判明敌情，取得部下的信任和支持，也就足够了。那种既无深谋远虑而又轻敌的人，必定会被敌人俘虏。士卒还没有亲近依附就执行惩罚，那么他们会不服，不服就很难使用。士卒已经亲近依附，如果不执行军纪军法，也不能用来作战。所以，要用怀柔宽仁使他们思想统一，用军纪军法使他们行动一致，这样就必能取得部下的敬畏和拥戴。平素严格贯彻命令，管教士卒，士卒就能养成服从的习惯；平素从来不严格贯彻命令，管教士卒，士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。平时命令能贯彻执行的，表明将帅同士卒之间相处融洽。
十 地形篇
孙子曰：
地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂。挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰驰；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。
视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。
知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
十、地形篇译文
【原文】孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂。挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
【译文】孙子说：地形有“通”、“挂”、“支”、“隘”、“险”、“远”等六种。凡是我们可以去，敌人也可以来的地域，叫做“通”；在“通”形地域上，应抢先占开阔向阳的高地，保持粮道畅通，这样作战就有利。凡是可以前进，难以返回的地域，称作“挂”；在挂形的地域上，假如敌人没有防备，我们就能突击取胜。假如敌人有防备，出击又不能取胜，而且难以回师，这就不利了。凡是我军出击不利，敌人出击不利的地域叫做“支”。在“支”形地域上，敌人虽然以利相诱，我们也不要出击，而应该率军假装退却，诱使敌人出击一半时再回师反击，这样就有利。在“隘”形地域上，我们应该抢先占领，并用重兵封锁隘口，以等待敌人的到来；如果敌人已先占据了隘口，并用重兵把守，我们就不要去进攻；如果敌人没有用重兵据守隘口，那么就可以进攻。在“险”形地域上，如果我军先敌占领，就必须控制开阔向阳的高地，以等待敌人来犯；如果敌人先我占领，就应该率军撤离，不要去攻打它。在“远”形地域上，敌我双方地势均同，就不宜去挑战，勉强求战，很是不利。以上六点，是利用地形的原则。这是将帅的重大责任所在，不可不认真考察研究。
【原文】凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰驰；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
【译文】军队打败仗有“走”、“驰”、“陷”、“崩”、“乱”、“北”六种情况。这六种情况的发生，不是天时地理的灾害，而是将帅自身的过错。地势均同的情况下，以一击十而导致失败的，叫做“走”。士卒强捍，军官懦弱而造成失败的，叫做“驰”。将帅强悍，士卒儒弱而失败的，叫做“陷”。偏将怨仇不服从指挥，遇到敌人擅自出战，主将又不了解他们能力，因而失败的，叫做“崩”。将帅懦弱缺乏威严，治军没有章法，官兵关系混乱紧张，列兵布阵杂乱无常，因此而致败的，叫做“乱”。将帅不能正确判断敌情，以少击众，以弱击强，作战又没有精锐先锋部队，因而落败的，叫做“北”。以上六种情况，均是导致失败的原因。这是将帅的重大责任之所在，是不可不认真考察研究的。
【原文】夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。
【译文】地形是用兵打仗的辅助条件。正确判断敌情，考察地形险易，计算道路远近，这是高明的将领必须掌握的方法，懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，必定能够胜利；不了解这些道理去指挥作战的，必定失败。所以，根据分析有必胜把握的，即使国君主张不打，坚持打也是可以的；根据分析没有必胜把握的，即使国君主张打，不打也是可以的。所以，战不谋求胜利的名声，退不回避失利的罪责，只求保全百姓，符合国君利益，这样的将帅，才是国家的宝贵财富。
【原文】视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。
【译文】对待士卒象对待婴儿，士卒就可以同他共患难：对待士卒象对待自己的儿子，士卒就可以跟他同生共死。如果对士卒厚待却不能使用，溺爱却不能指挥，违法而不能惩治，那就如同骄惯了的子女，是不可以用来同敌作战的。只了解自己的部队可以打，而不了解敌人不可打，取胜的可能只有一半；只了解敌人可以打，而不了解自己的部队不可以打，取胜的可能也只有一半。知道敌人可以打，也知道自己的部队能打，但是不了解地形不利于作战，取胜的可能性仍然只有一半。所以，懂得用兵的人，他行动起来不会迷惑，他的战术变化无穷。
【原文】故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
【译文】所以说：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
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