目前，音乐和体育运动的结合在一些田径和球类的运动中进行。美国人曾经用音乐节奏来控制栏间步节奏的特点训练跨栏跑步运动，曾用爵士乐激励橄榄球运动员的斗志。
1音乐的魅力研究
音乐自古以来就有陶冶身心的作用，现实生活中虽然人们的喜好不同，但是几乎人人都爱听音乐。研究证实，美妙恰当的音乐不仅可以陶冶情操，还对生活和工作有奇特的功效。
音乐之所以有如此魔力，与它和人体的机能有重要的联系。
音乐可以通过人们的听觉器官进入人体，从而产生一种同步的共振。音乐以此来刺激人体大脑皮层神经细胞的兴奋性，这种共振效果是一种和谐、美妙的感觉，能让人们疲惫、紧张的身心得到放松或者是激励，达到活跃情绪的目的。
2音乐与体育训练的关系研究
英国布鲁内尔大学运动心理学副教授CostasKarageorghis的《布鲁尔音乐等级目录》中研究了不同音乐促进体育运动的效果。这一研究是基于十年的调查问卷得出的，研究证明音乐的刺激作用来源于音乐的节拍，音乐对人体的影响是靠音乐的节拍和人体的脉搏相互协调来实现的。音乐每分钟的节拍数应该在120到140之间，因为这时音乐的节拍数和运动时人体的心率相吻合，运动者听这样的音乐才会产生美的享受和运动的激情。举例说明：音乐节奏较快并且已经超过了运动者本身奔跑的节奏的时候，跑步者在心理上就会感觉不舒服，试图跟上音乐的节奏，这时候就会引发运动者速度奔跑加快、心跳加快、呼吸急促等状况。
目前，很多音乐界和体育界研究专家开始对音乐和体育训练的结合进行研究，希望通过音乐来促进体育训练的高效化。音乐的节奏和韵律不仅影响运动员的心理，使其形成愉悦的心理状态，并且音乐可以有效地控制运动员运动的频率和幅度，使其更有效地进行训练和比赛。国内外学者也曾经对音乐对体育运动的影响做了一项调查。调查显示，运动前聆听适当的音乐可以有效提高运动员的速度和耐力，运动中聆听音乐能够增强训练的效率，运动后聆听音乐有助于消除运动员的疲劳状况。
3体育训练中的音乐元素选择研究
在运动中我们一般将体育运动分为三个阶段：热身训练；包含技巧、速度和力量的常规训练；放松恢复训练。由于在运动阶段不同，所听的音乐曲目也应该有所区别。根据不同的运动强度，应该采用什么样的音乐元素？笔者结合自身在实践中的认识，对其进行阐述。
第一，运动者在进行热身运动的时候适合听欢快轻松的音乐。因为这时运动者的运动量不大，运动强度小，身心比较放松，听一些节奏欢快的曲目可以陶冶身心，为下一步运动做准备。
第二，运动者在接受常规训练的时候适合听节奏感较为强烈的曲目，比如摇滚乐曲。因为在常规训练中运动者的运动强度大，心率也快，听一些节奏感强或是稍高于人体运动节奏的音乐能配合人体的节拍，激发人体的动力。调查证明，越是激昂的曲目对激发人体的潜能有强烈的效果。举例说明，在百米赛跑中运动员最需要的是快节奏的音乐来激发他们的速度，这时如果放《RightNow》这种节奏感明显的曲目定会让运动员增强速度，充满青春的活力。此外，不仅节奏感强烈的曲目对运动员有激发的作用，而且音乐能够使人想起往事或者与音乐相关的故事，这些故事往往具有激发作用，所以对运动者提高运动效率和耐力也有重要的影响。比如在篮球训练中，教师放《IbelieveIcanfly》这首音乐，运动者会不自觉的想到乔丹，想到乔丹在球场上尽情发挥着自己的球技，娴熟的投篮动作，还有拉里•伯德赞美乔丹的那句“上帝穿上了乔丹的球衣”，甚至会想到NBA球员各种霸气的扣篮姿势，想起NBA的口号“ILoveThisGame”。这时候篮球训练者即使很累也会坚持，因为有乔丹这样的精神动力在支撑着自己，有NBA球员的崇高形象支撑着自己。这时候训练者心情愉悦，心理放松，内心的斗志得到激发，将训练中的美妙投篮动作发挥得淋漓尽致。
第三，运动者在运动后会有放松恢复训练，这时候适合听节奏比较舒缓的曲目，比如《ShoulditMatter》。因为运动后训练者身体疲惫，需要放松一下身心，不能受到强烈的刺激，所以慢节奏的，舒缓、悠长、醉人的歌曲音乐能够使人处于较安静的环境中，使疲劳的身体得到了放松和恢复。
体育运动给人们以健康的体魄，音乐给人们心灵以美的享受，体育运动与音乐的结合既能让人们感受音乐的魅力，又提高了体育训练的效率，是一举两得的事情。二者处于同样重要的地位，作为实践者，笔者将会继续探索体育运动和音乐的关系，实现二者最有效的结合，激发训练者的活力，培养训练者的兴趣。
来源：中文期刊网http://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/jiaoyulunwen/jiaoyujiaoxuelunwen/2012/0803/10669.html
Why music makes exercise easier
With the fall marathon season in full swing, thousands of runners are gearing up for the big day. Just as important as their broken-in shoes and heart rate monitor is their source of motivation, inspiration and distraction: their tunes. Running with music has become so common that the two biggest names in both industries, Nike and Apple, have been joined at the hip with the Nike + iPod combination. So, what is it about music and running, or any Several recent studies try to chase down the connection between our ears and our feet. For the last 20 years, Costas Karageorghis, a sports psychologist at Britain’s Brunel University, has been setting the research pace for understanding our need to groove and move. In addition to his lab research, Karageorghis has helped create a half marathon in London that tries to find the perfect music mix of live bands based on his research of human reaction to rhythm. The second annual "Run to the Beat" event was held a few weeks ago with 9,000 laboratory rats, er, runners either enjoying the live music or listening to their own mix of tunes on their MP3. Karageorghis even offered a scientific selection of songs based on his findings. According to Kargeorghis, there are four factors that contribute to a song's motivational qualities: rhythm response, musicality, cultural impact and association. The first two are known as "internal" factors as they relate to the music's structure while the second two are "external" factors that reflect how we interpret the music. Rhythm response is tied to the beats per minute (bpm) of the song and how well it matches either the cadence or the heartbeat of the runner. A song's structure such as its melody and harmony contribute to its musicality. The external factors consider our musical background and the preferences we have for a certain genre of music and what we have learned to associate with certain songs and artists.
Syncing beats per minute with an exercise pace increases your efficiency. In a recent study, subjects who cycled in time to music found that they required 7 percent less oxygen to do the same work when compared to music playing in the background. Music can also help block out the little voice in your brain telling you its time to quit. Research shows that this dissociation effect results in a 10 percent reduction in perceived effort during treadmill running at a moderate intensity.
In the current study, published in the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30 subjects synchronised their pace to the tempo of the music which was 125 bpm. Before the experiment, a pool of music was rated using a questionnaire tool (the Brunel Music Rating Inventory) which then selected the most motivational pieces for the treadmill test. The subjects were given a choice of either pop or rock music.
When compared to a no-music control, the motivational synchronised music led to a 15 percent improvement in endurance.
"The synchronous application of music resulted in much higher endurance while the motivational qualities of the music impacted significantly on the interpretation of
Matching the beats per minute of our music with our exercise heart rate also takes an interesting non-linear path, according to research.
Karageorghis found that when our hearts are performing at between 30 and 70 percent of maximum, we prefer a somewhat linear increase from 90 to 120 bpm. However, when we reach our anaerobic threshold between 70 and 80 percent of maximum, we prefer a jump in rhythm from 120 to 150 bpm. Above 80 percent of maximum heart
Another new study by researchers from Liverpool John Moores University, and detailed online in the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, looked at the tempo angle differently. Instead of a mix of different songs at different tempos, they asked a group of cyclists to pedal to the same song over three different trials.
What the subjects did not know is that the researchers first played the song at normal speed, but then increased or decreased the speed of the same song by 10 percent. The small change was not enough to be noticed, but it did have an effect on performance.
Speeding up the music program increased distance covered/unit time, power and pedal cadence by 2.1 percent, 3.5 percent and 0.7 percent, respectively. Slowing the program produced falls of 3.8 percent, 9.8 percent and 5.9 percent. The researchers concluded that we increase or decrease our work effort and pace to match the tempo of our music.
Finding the right beat has now become even easier with a software plug-in tool called Tangerine. By integrating with your iTunes library, it can build a custom playlist based on the BPM range you provide, while arranging the songs in several different tempo shapes including warm-ups and warm-downs. With the right mix, your brain and feet will be in perfect harmony.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33418663/ns/health-fitness/t/why-music-makes-exercise-easier/
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