https://ijgc.bmj.com/content/ijgc/15/5/727.full.pdf
HPV DNA is detected in virtually all cases (.99%) of cervical cancers, in up to 94% of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and in up to 46% of cytologically normal women (1,2,5–7,11–15). Thus, HPV is considered a necessary causal agent for cervical carcinogenesis and meets most of the criteria for causality in epidemiologic research, including strength, consistency, specificity, temporal relationship, biologic gradient, biologic plausibility, coherence, and experimental evidence (4).
