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FDA的数据显示，砷在水稻，果汁和啤酒
以下是一些显著的发展就在去年砷在食物的概述
发布时间： 2014年2月6日05:30下午
 
从食品和药物管理局的数据发现砷含量的大米和米制品媲美消费者报告在其自己的调查发现。和FDA发现砷的另一个令人惊讶来源：啤酒，有时使用大米作为原料。
随着消费者报告继续调查砷在食品供应，新的科学研究添加到长期膳食暴露砷构成健康风险的证据。
的砷在水稻
 
我们的统计，从1300多个样本，FDA的检测结果的分析发现，在种白米饭，蒸谷米的版本往往有无机砷的最高水平，平均为114份每十亿分之一（ppb ） 。方便米饭有最低，平均为59 ppb的。另外值得一提：中粒米从加州往往有无机砷水平低于大米从美国其他地区始发虽然无机砷是一种已知的致癌物质，有没有联邦限制它的汁，大米或其他大多数的食物。
在某些情况下，无机砷含量是美国食品药品管理局在大米产品中发现比由2012年消费者报告“的测试结果甚至更高。这是真实的，用来作为牛奶替代，这凸显了我们建议， 5岁以下的儿童不应该有大米饮料作为日常饮食的一部分大米饮料。
美国食品药物管理局发现砷水平升高在啤酒检测65个样本，所有这一切的机构说，包括某种形式的大米作为原料之后。结果表明， 10份含有无机砷的水平，为15 ppb到26 ppb的，显著超过10 ppb的总砷联邦饮用水限制。该机构计划啤酒没有进一步的测试。基于其完整的数据， FDA正在“进行风险评估作为一个过程，以帮助管理与大米和米制品消费有关可能出现的风险，下一步， ”特里萨艾森曼， FDA的发言人说。
最近的科学证据表明，这些风险可以是显著。去年七月的研究人员在英国和印度发表了开创性的研究提供了第一手的证据表明经常吃米饭用高量的总砷实际上可以导致与癌症相关的细胞遗传损伤。
测量的研究损害染色体来自400多个成人研究参与者在印度，在饮用水的砷低的区域尿获得的细胞内。那些谁吃，每天米饭含有超过200 ppb的总砷的约2岁半到3杯排出更多的基因受损的细胞比那些吃米饭用更少的砷。
该研究指出，大米在中国，巴基斯坦和孟加拉国的10％以上，估计有砷浓度超过200 ppb的，而在美国，大米的50％以上，预计到含有砷在这些水平升高。需要更多的研究来看看这项研究的结果是否适用于美国人，谁少吃米饭，一般有更好的营养。
你可以做什么
您多样化的粮食消费，包括谷物大米除外。当你这样做煮饭，第一次冲洗，并用6杯水的比例1杯米做饭（排泄多余的水分后） 。

测试结果为果汁
 
在朝着减少食物中美国人的不必要的接触砷的第一步，美国食品药品管理局2013年7月提出的每十亿10份为苹果汁中无机砷的“行动水平” 。行动水平提供了一个标杆苹果汁生产商和执法工具，调节器。美国食品药物管理局表示， 10 ppb的指导产业“将有助于保持了食物供应，甚至偶尔的很多苹果汁的”含有高于该水平的砷。
但事实上，大部分的苹果汁样品的美国FDA的测试已经有低于10 ppb的无机砷含量是一个原因，消费者报告的安全专家认为，该机构提出的指导不充分保障市民的健康。在经过彻底审查其建议背后的理据提交给FDA的书面意见，他们敦促该机构设置更强硬的水平“创造了市场，以减少苹果汁中无机砷含量的激励，从而降低风险，不是简单地维持的现状。 “
在计算从苹果汁砷暴露的风险， FDA也似乎已经显著低估了孩子多少果汁喝。父母的消费者报告的调查在2011年进行的发现，在调查的前一天， 6岁以下儿童25％以上的消费量超过8盎司苹果汁，这是用来被FDA最高的日常消费的估计， 12百分之喝16盎司以上。
自从我们的测试结果为砷的果汁在2011年发布，消费者报告建议设置的总砷含量为苹果汁3 ppb的限制。如果不是立即可行的，我们的专家说，这应该是不超过4.4 ppb的，这是无机砷含量用本品计算其认为可以接受的风险时采用较高。他们还敦促FDA的设置操作水平等果汁，如梨，葡萄，其中的测试发现无机砷含量超过10ppb的要高得多。
美国食品药物管理局正在审查已收到以确定是否需要在其提出的指导意见修订的意见，根据艾森曼。她说，该机构正在继续收集和测试更多的果汁样本砷，但无法预测何时会公布这些结果。
你可以做什么
限制苹果和葡萄汁的儿童消费。儿童到6岁应该有一个每天不超过4到6盎司。

饲料和肥料的来源
 
砷可能进入食品供应的方法之一是通过使用砷类药物在饲料给鸡，火鸡，猪和预防疾病和促进生长。家禽粪便被用来施肥许多作物和会污染他们的砷。和鸡有可能已经提出砷类药物导致鸡件，可以有较高的无机砷含量比其他鸡，根据2013年7月研究领导的研究人员在美国约翰霍普金斯中心的一个宜居的未来。
三四种药物在使用最近已经从市场上移除，而美国FDA仍在评估仅存的砷为基础的兽药， nitarsone ，它被批准用于火鸡和鸡的使用。它要求从公司营销该药更多的数据，并预计在三月底前完成重点分析。消费者联盟，消费者报告的公共政策和宣传部门，认为nitarsone也应该退出市场。
你可以做什么
我们的食品安全和可持续发展中心加紧为砷的食品和饮料允许的金额的联邦限制。

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Home >  Health  >  FDA data show arsenic in rice, juice, and beer

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FDA data show arsenic in rice, juice, and beer

Here’s an overview of some significant developments regarding arsenic in food in the last year

Published: February 06, 2014 05:30 PM

Data from the Food and Drug Administration has found arsenic levels in rice and rice products comparable to those found by Consumer Reports in its own investigation. And the FDA found another surprising source of arsenic: beer, which sometimes uses rice as an ingredient.

As Consumer Reports continues to investigate arsenic in the food supply, new scientific studies add to the evidence that long-term dietary exposure to arsenic poses a health risk.

Arsenic in rice

Our statistical analysis of the FDA’s test results from more than 1,300 samples found that among types of white rice, the parboiled version tended to have the highest levels of inorganic arsenic, with an average of 114 parts per billion (ppb). Instant rice had the lowest, averaging 59 ppb. Also noteworthy: Medium-grain rice from California tended to have lower levels of inorganic arsenic than rice originating from other areas of the U.S. Although inorganic arsenic is a known carcinogen, there are no federal limits for it in juice, rice, or most other food.

In some cases, the inorganic arsenic levels that the FDA found in rice products were even higher than Consumer Reports’ test results from 2012. That was true for rice beverages that are used as a milk replacement, which underscores our advice that children under the age of 5 should not have rice drinks as part of a daily diet.

The FDA found elevated levels of arsenic in beer after testing 65 samples, all of which the agency says included some form of rice as an ingredient. The results showed that 10 of them contained inorganic arsenic levels that ranged from 15 ppb to 26 ppb, significantly more than the federal drinking-water limit of 10 ppb for total arsenic. The agency plans no further testing of beers. Based on its full data, the FDA is “conducting a risk assessment as the next step in a process to help manage possible risks associated with the consumption of rice and rice products,” says Theresa Eisenman, an FDA spokeswoman.

Recent scientific evidence suggests that those risks can be significant. Last July researchers in the United Kingdom and India published a groundbreaking study providing the first evidence that frequently eating rice with high amounts of total arsenic can actually lead to genetic damage in cells associated with cancer.

The study measured damage to chromosomes within cells obtained from the urine of more than 400 adult study participants in an area of India with low arsenic in drinking water. Those who ate about 2½ to 3 cups of cooked rice per day containing more than 200 ppb of total arsenic excreted more genetically damaged cells than those eating rice with less arsenic.

The study noted that more than 10 percent of the rice in China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh is estimated to have arsenic concentrations exceeding 200 ppb, while in the U.S., more than 50 percent of the rice is estimated to contain arsenic at those elevated levels. More research is needed to see whether the study’s results would apply to Americans, who eat less rice and generally have better nutrition.

What you can do

Diversify your grain consumption to include grains other than rice. And when you do cook rice, rinse it first, and use a ratio of 6 cups of water to 1 cup of rice to cook it (draining the excess water afterward).

 

Test results for juices

In a first step toward reducing Americans’ unnecessary exposure to arsenic in food, the FDA in July 2013 proposed an “action level” of 10 parts per billion for inorganic arsenic in apple juice. An action level provides a benchmark for apple-juice makers and an enforcement tool for regulators. The FDA stated that the 10 ppb guidance to industry “will help keep out of the food supply even the occasional lot of apple juice” containing arsenic above that level.

But the fact that most of the apple-juice samples the FDA tested already had inorganic arsenic levels below 10 ppb is one reason Consumer Reports’ safety experts concluded that the agency’s proposed guidance doesn’t sufficiently protect public health. In written comments submitted to the FDA after thoroughly reviewing the rationale behind its proposal, they urged the agency to set a tougher level that “creates an incentive for the marketplace to reduce levels of inorganic arsenic in apple juice and thereby reduce risk—not simply maintain the status quo.”

In calculating the risks of arsenic exposure from apple juice, the FDA also appears to have significantly underestimated how much juice children drink. A Consumer Reports survey of parents conducted in 2011 found that on the day before the survey, more than 25 percent of children under age 6 consumed more than 8 ounces of apple juice, which was the highest daily consumption estimate used by the FDA, and 12 percent drank 16 ounces or more.

Ever since the release of our test results for arsenic in juice in 2011, Consumer Reports has recommended setting a limit of 3 ppb of total arsenic for apple juice. If that is not immediately feasible, our experts say that it should be no higher than 4.4 ppb, which is the inorganic arsenic level the FDA used when calculating the risk it deems acceptable. They also urged the FDA to set action levels for other juices, such as pear and grape, where tests have found inorganic arsenic levels much higher than 10 ppb.

The FDA is reviewing the comments it has received to determine whether revisions are needed in its proposed guidance, according to Eisenman. She says the agency is continuing to collect and test more juice samples for arsenic but cannot predict when it will publish those results.

What you can do

Limit children’s consumption of apple and grape juice. Children up to age 6 should have no more than 4 to 6 ounces a day.

 

Feed and fertilizer sources

One way arsenic might enter the food supply is through the use of arsenic-based drugs in feed given to chickens, turkeys, and pigs to prevent disease and promote growth. Poultry droppings are used to fertilize many crops and can contaminate them with arsenic. And chickens that are likely to have been raised with arsenic-based drugs result in chicken parts that can have higher inorganic arsenic levels than other chickens, according to a July 2013 study led by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future.

Three of the four drugs in use have recently been removed from the market, and the FDA is still evaluating the only remaining arsenic-based animal drug, nitarsone, which is approved for use in turkeys and chickens. It has requested more data from the company marketing the drug and expects to complete key analysis by the end of March. Consumers Union, the public policy and advocacy arm of Consumer Reports, believes that nitarsone also should be withdrawn from the market.

What you can do

Our Food Safety and Sustainability Center is pressing for federal limits on the amount of arsenic allowed in food and beverages.

 

Read more about our work on arsenic.

 

所有跟帖： 

• 米里有砷，面包里有偶氮二甲酰胺和溴酸钾，还让人活吗？ -dudaan- ♂ (129 bytes) () 02/10/2014 postreply 05:24:01

• 不要忧虑那么多，在你能力的范围内，尽可能选择一些你认为健康的食品。同食同一种食物毎人吸收 -lily60- ♀ (62 bytes) () 02/10/2014 postreply 08:35:20

• 煮饭前先彻底洗米，并倒去洗米水，以减低米的砷含量，尤其是无机砷含量。 -lasha07- ♀ (74 bytes) () 02/10/2014 postreply 20:03:07