美国法院裁定拜耳因“除草剂致癌”案件需赔偿1.75亿美元, 有统计数据称，农达系列产品占中国除草剂产品的80%之多。
如今，农达(Roundup)是世界上最受欢迎的除草剂。 它由孟山都(Monsanto)公司于 20 世纪 70 年代上市，被誉为比它所取代的除草剂安全得多。 但从 20 世纪 90 年代中期开始，年轻人死于结直肠癌的比例开始上升，与此同时，经过基因工程改造以耐受农达的种子也被释放。 草甘膦(Glyphosate)是农达(Roundup)的活性成分，其使用量从 2014 年的 19% 增加了 15 倍。2015 年，世界卫生组织癌症部门国际癌症研究机构 (IARC) 将其指定为“可能对人类致癌” ”，“引发诉讼，迄今为止已达成 110 亿美元的和解金。”2013 年泰国 Chulabhorn 研究生院进行的一项研究发现，由于草甘膦可以像雌激素一样发挥作用，因此会导致激素依赖性人类乳腺癌细胞生长。 这项研究是为 IARC 的决定提供信息的一千多项公开研究之一，也是引发有关泰国农药未来的激烈辩论的一项研究。泰国国家有害物质委员会于 2019 年 10 月投票禁止草甘膦和毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos) (与儿童神经发育迟缓有关）和百草枯(paraquat)（自 2007 年起在欧洲禁用。
拜耳于 2018 年收购了孟山都，并急于捍卫其新资产。 该公司联系了美国农业部负责贸易和对外农业事务的副部长，他是陶氏益农公司的前雇员。 美国贸易代表收集了有关泰国政府官员的情报，另一家农业集团阿彻丹尼尔斯米德兰(Archer Daniels Midland)公司提供的档案对这些信息进行了补充。 最终，泰国政府放弃了草甘膦禁令，但成功禁止了毒死蜱和百草枯。 （这三种化学品均可在美国购买。）尽管业界尽了最大努力，但仍有数十个国家目前或很快计划对草甘膦实施限制。 停止使用草甘膦尤其重要，因为它会引起 DNA 的表观遗传变化，这表明存在世代毒性的途径，似乎它对个体的影响还不够严重。 表观遗传变化是对我们基因组的改变，不会影响 DNA 序列，但会影响基因表达。 它们影响 DNA 的表达内容及其表达方式。 这些变化表明，从环境化学物质到暴力等破坏性接触如何被写入我们的 DNA，而不是写入我们的 DNA。 对在两种不同环境中长大的同卵双胞胎的研究为表观遗传学如何影响疾病提供了见解。 双胞胎拥有相同的遗传物质，但受环境暴露的影响，其疾病表现却有所不同。 即使在同一子宫内，这些环境差异也可能很微妙，胎儿的位置或脐带的大小可能会有所不同。 巴西爆发寨卡病毒，双胞胎出生，其中一人受到感染，另一人幸免于难。 这些双胞胎的子宫内感染风险是一种表观遗传现象。 DNA上添加甲基是快速识别的表观遗传修饰，也是草甘膦带来的变化。 这些 DNA 标签可以改变细胞功能并抑制某些基因的表达。 这是具有相同基因的细胞（例如神经细胞和肌肉细胞）合成具有不同功能的不同蛋白质的一种方式。 虽然 DNA 甲基化是细胞分化的正常部分，但它可能是由基因组中甲基基团干扰健康功能的部分环境化学物质引起的。 当我们的种系 DNA 中出现甲基时，草甘膦如何影响精子——这些改变会遗传给后代。 接触草甘膦的老鼠甚至第一代后代都没有发现健康问题。 正是暴露的老鼠的曾孙患前列腺疾病、肥胖症、肾脏疾病和卵巢疾病的几率增加，这是由于与这些疾病相关的基因区域添加了甲基所致。 我们生活在曾祖父母所经历的暴露影响中。 我们的曾孙也面临着我们所面临的风险。 那么，考虑一下豪德诺索尼人的智慧，他们的七代原则要求当代人对他们的行为将影响的未来社区负责。
草甘膦存在于我们的食物、水和脚下的灰尘中——这只是全球资本主义如何影响人类健康的一个例子。 因为它的使用如此广泛，如果你去寻找，你很可能会在你的尿液中发现它。 随机样本显示 93% 的受测者体内含有草甘膦。 从 20 世纪 90 年代初开始，二十三年来收集的数据显示，加利福尼亚州 50 岁以上人群尿液中的草甘膦及其代谢物含量增加了 1,200%。 食用全有机饮食可以降低草甘膦在尿液中的含量. 但有机食品太贵了。 当市场决定我们摄入多少污染物程度时，我们的健康种族隔离将不可避免地变得更糟。 低收入社区别无选择，只能吃受化学污染的食物。
草甘膦是我们生活中普遍存在的众多有害化学物质之一，其未经许可且受到危险的监管。 有毒星球对人类免疫系统的影响并不令人惊讶。 在北半球国家，越来越多的儿童被诊断出患有癌症。 治疗正在赶上疾病的进展，死于该病的儿童人数正在下降。 然而，不可避免的是，权力梯度决定了发病率和恢复情况：低收入儿童比富裕同龄人更有可能死亡，有色人种和穷人更有可能暴露于环境危害和慢性炎症的其他系统性诱因。
Today, Roundup is the world's most popular weed killer. Marketed by the Monsanto Corporation in the 1970s, it was touted as far safer than the herbicides it replaced. But rising rates of young people dying from colorectal cancer began in the mid-1990s, at the same time as the release of seeds genetically engineered to tolerate Roundup. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup, and its use increased fifteen-fold from 19% to 2014. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the World Health Organization's cancer unit, designated it as "probably carcinogenic to humans," fueling lawsuits that, to date, have yielded $11 billion in settlements."' A 2013 study conducted at the Chulabhorn Graduate Institute in Thailand found that because glyphosate can act like estrogen, it causes hormone-dependent human breast cancer cells to grow. This research was one of over a thousand publicly available studies that informed the IARC decision, and one that contributed to a rich debate about the future of pesticides in Thailand. The Thai National Hazardous Substances Committee voted in October 2019 to ban glyphosate, along with chlorpyrifos (associated with neurological developmental delay in children) and paraquat (banned in Europe since 2007).
Bayer purchased Monsanto in 2018, and rushed to defend its new asset. The company approached the US Department of Agriculture’s undersecretary for trade and foreign agricultural affairs, a former employee of Dow Agrosciences. The US trade representative gathered intelligence on the relevant Thai government officials, information that was supplemented by dossiers provided by yet another agricultural conglomerate, Archer Daniels Midland. Ultimately, the Thai government backed down from the glyphosate ban, though the government succeeded in prohibiting chlorpyrifos and paraquat. (All three chemicals are available for purchase in the United States.) Despite the industry's best efforts, dozens of countries currently or soon plan to have restrictions on gIyphosate. Stopping glyphosate use is especially important because it induces epigenetic changes in DNA, suggesting a pathway for generational toxicity, as if its effects on individuals weren't bad enough. Epigenetic changes are alterations to our genome that do not affect the DNA sequence but do impact genetic expression. They impact what DNA is expressed and how it is expressed. These changes are how damaging exposures—from environmental chemicals to violence—become written onto, not into, our DNA. Studies on identical twins raised in two different environments are offering insights on how epigenetics are influencing disease. Twins share the same genetic material but can manifest disease differently, influenced by environmental exposure. And those environmental differences can be subtle even within the same womb, where fetal placement or umbilical cord size might be different. With the Zika virus in Brazil, twins were born where one had the infection and the other was spared. Infection risk in utero with these twins was an epigenetic phenomenon. The addition of methyl groups onto DNA was the fast identified epigenetic modification and is the change brought by glyphosate. These DNA tags can alter cellular functioning and inhibit the expression of certain genes. This is one way cells that have the same genes, such as a nerve cell and a muscle cell, synthesize different proteins with different functions. While DNA methylation is a normal part of cellular differentiation, it can be caused by environmental chemicals in parts of the genome where methyl groups interfere with healthy functioning. When methyl groups occur in our germline DNA, how glyphosate can impact sperm—those alterations are transmitted to future generations. Health problems were not seen in the rats exposed to glyphosate or even in the first generation of offspring. It was the great-grandchildren of exposed rats that had increased rates of prostate disease, obesity, kidney disease, and ovarian disease, caused by methyl groups added into genetic regions involved in these conditions. We are living with the impact of exposures our great-grandparents experienced. And our great-grandchildren, too, are at risk from the exposures we face. Consider, then, the wisdom of the Haudenosaunee people, whose Seven Generations Principle holds the present generation accountable to the forthcoming community that their actions will impact.
Glyphosate is in our food, our water, and the dust under our feet—just one example of how global capitalism affects human health. Because it is so widely used, you would very likely find it in your urine if you went looking. A random sample revealed glyphosate in 93 percent of the people tested. Data collected over twenty-three years, starting in the early 1990s, shows a 1,200 percent increase in levels of glyphosate and its metabolite in urine of people over fifty in California. Consuming an all-organic diet can drop urinary levels by 76 percent in just six days. But organic food is more expensive. When the market determines our exposure, our health apartheid will inevitably get worse. Lower-income communities have little choice but to eat foods that are chemically contaminated.
Glyphosate is one of many harmful chemicals that have become prevalent in our lives, unbidden and dangerously under regulated. The consequences of a toxic planet for the human immune system aren't surprising. In the Global North, children are increasingly diagnosed with cancer. Treatment is catching up with illness, and the number of children who die from the disease is falling. Inevitably, however, gradients of power govern incidence and recovery: low-income children are more likely to die than their richer peers, and people of color and the poor are more likely to be exposed to environmental hazards and other systemic triggers for chronic inflammation.
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