黑死病在歐洲的蔓延（1346年至1353年）
黑死病（英語：Black Death）是人類歷史上極嚴重的瘟疫之一。起源於亞洲中南部喜馬拉雅山區[1]，一说起源于黑海城市卡法，約在14世纪40年代散佈到整個歐洲，而「黑死病」之名是當時歐洲的稱呼。這場瘟疫在全世界造成了大約7500萬人死亡，根據估計，瘟疫爆发期间的中世紀歐洲約有佔人口總数30%-60%的人死於黑死病。
同樣的疾病多次侵襲歐洲，直到1700年代為止，期間造成的死亡情形與嚴重程度各不相同。較晚的幾次大流行包括1629年到1631年的意大利瘟疫、1665年到1666年的倫敦大瘟疫、1679年的維也納大瘟疫、1720年到1722年的馬賽大瘟疫，以及1771年的莫斯科瘟疫。關於這些疾病的異同仍有爭議，但是其致命型態似乎於18世紀消失於歐洲。
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1346至1351年黑死病的蔓延。
鼠疫杆菌（放大200倍）。導致鼠疫的細菌。
Spread of the Black Death in Europe and the Near East (1346–1353)
The Black Death, also known as thePestilence (Pest for short), the Great Plague or the Plague, or less commonly the Black Plague, was one of the most devastatingpandemicsin human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.[1][2][3] The bacteriumYersinia pestis, which results in several forms of plague (septicemic, pneumonic and, the most common, bubonic) is believed to have been the cause.[4] The Black Death was the first major European outbreak of plague and the second plague pandemic.[5] The plague created a number of religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history.
The Black Death is thought to have originated in the dry plains of Central Asia or East Asia, where it travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that traveled on all merchant ships, spreading throughout the Mediterranean Basin and Europe.
The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population.[7] In total, the plague may have reduced the world population from an estimated 475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century.[8] It took 200 years for the world population to recover to its previous level.[9]The plague recurred as outbreaks in Europe until the 19th century.
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The 1918–1919 "Spanish flu" pandemicresulted in dramatic mortality worldwide.
A pandemic (from Greek π?ν pan "all" and δ?μοςdemos "people") is an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemicsgenerally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. One of the most devastating pandemics was theBlack Death, which killed an estimated 100 million people in the 14th century. The most recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics.
Outbreak: 10 of the Worst Pandemics in History - MPH Online
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