H1N1流感病毒的存活期、传播污染方式与家居消毒(from CDC)

来源: 闽姑于 2009-11-11 06:23:05 [档案] [博客] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读：次 (11455 bytes)

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英文来源：http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm
若中文翻译有误，敬请指正为谢！

1. How long can influenza virus remain viable on objects (such as books and doorknobs)?

Studies have shown that influenza virus can survive on environmental surfaces and can infect a person for 2 to 8 hours after being deposited on the surface.

流感病毒在物体上能存活多久（如书籍及门把手）？

研究表明，流感病毒可以在环境表面上生存并在表面沉积后212316;8小时内感染人。

2. What kills influenza virus?

Influenza virus is destroyed by heat (167-212°F [75-100°C]). In addition, several chemical germicides, including chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, detergents (soap), iodophors (iodine-based antiseptics), and alcohols are effective against human influenza viruses if used in proper concentration for a sufficient length of time.

什么能杀死流感病毒？

热能摧毁甲型流感病毒（华氏167-212 °[摄氏75-100°]）。此外，一些化学杀菌剂，包括氯，双氧水，洗涤剂（肥皂），碘伏（碘的防腐剂）和酒精对人类流感病毒有效，假如使用的浓度合适、时间又足够长的话。

3. *What if soap and water are not available and alcohol-based products are not allowed in my facility? Updated on Sept 14*

If soap and water are not available and alcohol-based products are not allowed, other hand sanitizers that do not contain alcohol may be useful.

如果肥皂和水不可得，而含酒精的产品又不允许使用，该怎么办？ 9月14日更新

如果肥皂和水不可得，而含酒精的产品又不允许，其它不含酒精的洗手剂可能有用。

4. What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination?

Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk, for example, and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.

哪些表面最有可能成为污染源？

当人接触到被病菌污染的东西后又触摸他或她的眼睛、鼻子或嘴，病菌以此传播。感染者咳嗽或打喷嚏时飞沫（液滴）移动在空气中。当人接触到带有另一人的呼吸道飞沫的表面如办公桌面，然后又在洗手前触摸了自己的眼睛，口或鼻，病菌就这样传播。

5. How should waste disposal be handled to prevent the spread of influenza virus?

To prevent the spread of influenza virus, it is recommended that tissues and other disposable items used by an infected person be thrown in the trash. Additionally, persons should wash their hands with soap and water after touching used tissues and similar waste.

应如何处理废物以防流感病毒的传播？

为防止流感病毒的传播，建议感染者把用过的纸巾和其它一次性用品扔进垃圾。并在接触用过的纸巾和类似废物后，用肥皂和水洗手。

6. What household cleaning should be done to prevent the spread of influenza virus?

To prevent the spread of influenza virus it is important to keep surfaces (especially bedside tables, surfaces in the bathroom, kitchen counters and toys for children) clean by wiping them down with a household disinfectant according to directions on the product label.

家居清洁应注意什么来防止流感病毒的传播？

为防止流感病毒的传播，重要的是保持表面（特别是床头桌面，浴室表面，厨房柜台及儿童玩具）的清洁，可用家用消毒剂按产品标签的指示擦拭消毒。

7. How should linens, eating utensils and dishes of persons infected with influenza virus be handled?

Linens, eating utensils, and dishes belonging to those who are sick do not need to be cleaned separately, but importantly these items should not be shared without washing thoroughly first.
Linens (such as bed sheets and towels) should be washed by using household laundry soap and tumbled dry on a hot setting. Individuals should avoid "hugging" laundry prior to washing it to prevent contaminating themselves. Individuals should wash their hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub immediately after handling dirty laundry.

Eating utensils should be washed either in a dishwasher or by hand with water and soap.

怎样处理流感病毒感染者的床单和餐具？

病人的床单、餐具不必单独清洗，但重要的是这些东西在未彻底清洗之前不能共享。
被服用品（如床单和毛巾）应用家庭洗衣剂/皂洗涤并热烘干燥。洗涤前应尽量避免“拥抱”脏衣，以防污染自己。拿了脏衣服后马上用肥皂和水或酒精洗手液洗手。

食具应用水和洗涤剂在洗碗机里或用手洗净。

（图看起来有点可怕，但左边的解释值得一读。
患者可能在出现流感症状的24小时前---长达7天里有感染力。）

附加：
Who is being tested for flu this season?

This season CDC has provided Interim Recommendations for Clinical Use of Influenza Diagnostic Tests During the 2009-10 Influenza Season which recommends that the following people receive influenza diagnostic testing: 1) people who are hospitalized with suspected flu and 2) people such as pregnant women or people with weakened immune systems, for whom a diagnosis of flu will help their doctor make decisions about their care. CDC expects that most people with flu symptoms this season will not require testing for 2009 H1N1 because the test results usually do not change how you are treated. Additional people may be recommended for testing based on the clinical judgment of their health care provider.

为什么医生不替一般的病人做rRT-PCR来确诊是否为H1N1流感？

只有一些指定的实验室能做rRT-PCR（real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction）检测，而且通常要4-5天出报告。周末两天，医生诊所通常无人值班，因此可能长达7天后你得到结果。那时你可能痊愈上班，孩子也已上学。费时费资，也不能改变治疗法。就是想用抗病毒药物，也已错过最佳时间---48小时内服用。一般无严重病史的人是可以不需住院治疗而在家康复的。预防为主，正常起居，健康饮食，勤洗手，减少接触，尽量避免与流感患者近距离交谈（三尺（three feet)之外为宜，假如可能的话）。咳嗽时遮掩口鼻，做卫生、有“德”之人。 :-) :-) :-)

抗病毒药物：

洗手预防流感：