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A U-shaped association between HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular mortality was also seen for both men and women (Figure 4). For cancer mortality, lower concentrations of HDL cholesterol were associated with high risk in both sexes. Risk of other mortality showed a U-shaped association with HDL cholesterol in men, but no association in women. These findings were confirmed when using concentration cut points (Supplementary material online, Figure S2). The extreme high HDL group in both men and women had high cardiovascular mortality with multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios of 2.53 (95% CI: 1.24–5.18) and 2.89 (1.33–6.24), respectively, compared with men and women in the reference groups. For cancer mortality corresponding hazard ratios were 1.76 (0.88–3.53) and 1.33 (0.56–3.19), and for other mortality 1.90 (0.95–3.82) and 1.51 (0.66–3.46), for men and women, respectively.