脚踝扭伤(sprains)或肌肉拉伤(strains)时该怎么办?

来源: 闽姑于 2009-04-23 20:20:20 [档案] [博客] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读：次 (8019 bytes)

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1. 扭伤(sprains)和拉伤(strains)有什么区别?

中文的扭伤是总指四肢关节或躯体部的软组织(如肌肉、肌腱、韧带、血管等)的损伤。把肌肉肌腱的拉伤也包括在扭伤里。而英文的定义却有些不同。

扭伤(sprains)：指韧带(ligament)的拉伸或撕裂。而韧带是连接骨与骨、可弯曲的白色纤维样的致密结缔组织。韧带扭伤常发生于脚踝、手关节和膝部。
Sprain：A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments. Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect one bone to another. Common locations for sprains are your ankles and knees.

拉伤(strains)：指肌肉或肌腱的急剧收缩或过度牵拉引起的损伤或撕裂。肌腱是一束连接肌肉和骨骼的纤维。人们常说肌肉被拉伤了。常发生于腿腱和背部肌肉群。
Strain：A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. People commonly call strains "pulled" muscles. Hamstring and back injuries are among the most common strains.

肌肉肌腱与韧带的区别图

2. 这两种损伤按轻重可分为三级：

Grade I(Mild韧带或肌腱轻微的损伤)：Your ligament or tendon stretches excessively or tears slightly. The area is somewhat painful, especially with movement. It's tender. There's not a lot of swelling. You can put weight on the joint.

Grade II(Moderate韧带或肌腱部分撕裂)：The fibers in your ligament or tendon tear, but they don't rupture completely. The joint is tender, painful and difficult to move. The area is swollen and may be discolored from bleeding in the area. You may feel unsteady when you try to bear weight on your joint.

Grade III(Severe韧带或肌腱完全断裂)：One or more ligaments or tendon tear completely. The area is painful. You can't move your joint normally or put weight on it. If the sprain occurs in the ankle or knee, when you try to walk, your leg feels as if it will give way. The joint becomes very swollen and also can be discolored. In cases of severe sprain or strain, your doctor may immobilize the area with a brace or splint. In some cases, such as in the case of a torn ligament or ruptured muscle, surgery may be considered. 重度扭伤，则应送医治疗。

3.轻、中度的扭伤和拉伤的处理方法：

First aid for mild to moderate sprains and strains includes rest, ice, compression, and elevation (known as RICE).

---Rest the injured part（不要活动伤处）. Pain is the body's signal to not move an injury.

---Ice the injury（48小时内，伤处外敷冰块）. Apply ice packs or cold compresses for up to 20 minutes at a time every 3-4 hours for the first 2 days（first 48 hours) to limit the swelling and help with the spasm（减轻肿胀和肌肉痉挛）.

---Compress the injured area（弹性绷带固定伤处）. Wearing an elastic compression bandage (such as an ACE bandage) for at least 2 days will reduce swelling.

---Elevate the injured part（抬高患肢）. Keep the injured part elevated above the level of the heart as much as possible to reduce swelling（一般高于心脏，减轻肿胀）.

Do not apply heat in any form for at least 24 hours（至少在前24小时内避免热敷）. Heat increases swelling and pain（热敷或揉搓会加剧肿胀和疼痛）.

重度扭伤，则应送医治疗。

4. 非处方的止痛药:

Over-the-counter pain medication is an option. Acetaminophen对乙酰氨基酚 (Tylenol泰诺) is helpful for pain, but ibuprofen布洛芬 (Motrin, Advil) or naproxen 奈普生 (Aleve) might be better because these medications relieve both pain and inflammation.

5. 附上一张可以打印的图表（医院儿科发给患儿父母的）: