泥河湾是河北省张家口市阳原县一个小山村，古老的桑干河自西向东流经阳原县全境，泥河湾就坐落在桑干河畔。泥河湾盆地又称桑干河盆地，发育有完好的第四纪地层。在泥河湾遗址群中，旧石器时代文化遗存数目惊人，阳原县境内发现150余处，蔚县境内发现20余处，其中有大量早更新世人类遗存。
自20世纪20年代被发现以来，泥河湾遗址已成为挑战“人类非洲起源说”的重要区域之一。
泥河湾盆地为北东—南西向断裂控制下的晚新生代山间盆地，基底主要由太古宙变质岩、元古宙碳酸盐岩、寒武纪—奥陶纪沉积岩以及侏罗纪—新近纪火山沉积组合共同构成，盆地里堆积巨厚的晚新生代河湖相沉积。20世纪初，法国人在泥河湾建立教堂传经布道。1921年，文森特（Ernest Vincent）神父在其住宅附近发现了一些古生物化石，并告知正在筹建天津北疆博物院的法国地质学家、古生物学家桑志华（Emile Licent）神父。泥河湾盆地中，阶地发育，阶面宽阔平坦，第四纪地层齐全、出露广泛、层次清晰。1924年，燕京大学地质教授、美国哥伦比亚大学地质学系讲师巴尔博（George B. Barbour）踏勘泥河湾，将泥河湾村一带发育的第四纪河湖相堆积命名为“泥河湾层”。
桑志华先后六次到泥河湾考察发掘，在泥河湾、下沙沟等地发现大量动物化石。1927年，巴尔博和古生物学博士德日进（Pierre Telhard de Chardin）神父对泥河湾层作了分层记述，根据桑志华的化石发现，介绍了哺乳动物化石的种类。1930年，德日进和皮孚陀（Jean Piveteau）在《泥河湾哺乳动物化石》中，对泥河湾层的哺乳动物化石进行了详细研究，称之为“泥河湾动物群”，并首次提出泥河湾盆地更新世初期人类活动的可能性：“我们需要直接的证据来证明，当最后三趾马经常来喝泥河湾湖水的时侯，中国就有了人类。”西方学者对古哺乳动物和地层的研究，确立了泥河湾层的科学价值和国际地位，1948年第18届国际地质学会把泥河湾层作为华北第四纪初期标准地层之一。从此，泥河湾层成为世界考古界的专用名词。
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迄今全世界100万年以上的早期人类文化遗存目前发现53处，阳原泥河湾遗址群就占40处，其中马圈沟遗址距今200万年，推判泥河湾遗址可能是东亚人种的起源地，向非洲起源学说提出了挑战。
泥河湾遗址又称泥河湾遗址群，位于中国河北省张家口市阳原县境内东部地区的桑干河流域，内有多处旧石器时代遗址。 从1970年代开始，在阳原东西长82公里、南北宽27公里的广大区域内，陆续发现早期人类遗址共80多处。
泥河湾遺跡群（でいかわんいせきぐん）は、中国の河北省張家口市陽原県東部の桑乾河北岸にある旧石器時代の遺跡群。馬圏溝遺跡?小長梁遺跡?侯家窯遺跡?虎頭梁遺跡などを一括して指す。
1978年、陽原県泥河湾郷（現在の化稍営鎮）付近で大量の旧石器と哺乳動物の化石が発見された。およそ200万年前の人類の生活遺跡と推定されている。
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Émile Licent (1876–1952; with the adopted Chinese name, 桑志华, while he was working in China) was a French Jesuit trained as a natural historian
Upon his first arrival at Tianjin in 1914, he established the Musée Hoangho Paiho (it was known as the 'Beijiang Museum' among the Chinese), one of the earliest of its kind in China. The Museum survived the Second World War and changed its name to Tianjin Natural History Museum (TMNH) in 1952.[3] He was a colleague ofPierre Teilhard de Chardin in conducting archeological research in northern provinces of China in the 1920s.[4]He and Chardin were the first to examine the Shuidonggou (水洞沟) (Ordos Upland, Inner Mongolia) archaeological site in northern China.[5] Resent analysis of flaked stone artifacts from the most recent (1980) excavation at this site has identified an assemblage which constitutes the southern most occurrence of an Initial Upper Paleolithic blade technology proposed to have originated in the Altai region of Southern Siberia. The lowest levels of the site are now dated from 40,000 to 25,000 years ago.
He left China during the Second World War in 1939 after appointing one of his colleagues, Pierre Leroy (adopted Chinese name, 罗学宾), as Deputy Director of the Museum. Most of the Quaternary mammal fossils and prehistoric human relics and tools that he and his colleagues discovered remain in the Museum.
He was awarded an Order (铁十字骑士勋章) by the French government for his pioneering scientific works and explorations in China.
Nothing much is known about his life or religious activities in France before and after his stay in China.
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Pierre Teilhard de Chardin SJ (French: [pj?? teja? d? ?a?d??] (
listen (help·info)); 1 May 1881 – 10 April 1955) was a French idealist philosopher and Jesuitpriest who trained as a paleontologist and geologistand took part in the discovery of Peking Man.
Research in China[edit]
In 1923 he traveled to China with Father Emile Licent, who was in charge of a significant laboratory collaboration between the Natural History Museum in Paris and Marcellin Boule's laboratory in Tientsin. Licent carried out considerable basic work in connection with missionaries who accumulated observations of a scientific nature in their spare time.
Teilhard wrote several essays, including La Messe sur le Monde (the Mass on the World), in the Ordos Desert. In the following year, he continued lecturing at the Catholic Institute and participated in a cycle of conferences for the students of the Engineers' Schools. Two theological essays on Original Sin were sent to a theologian at his request on a purely personal basis:
- July 1920: Chute, Rédemption et Géocentrie (Fall, Redemption and Geocentry)
- Spring 1922: Notes sur quelques représentations historiques possibles du Péché originel(Note on Some Possible Historical Representations of Original Sin) (Works, Tome X)
The Church required him to give up his lecturing at the Catholic Institute in order to continue his geological research in China.
Teilhard traveled again to China in April 1926. He would remain there for about twenty years, with many voyages throughout the world. He settled until 1932 in Tientsin with Emile Licent, then in Beijing. Teilhard made five geological research expeditions in China between 1926 and 1935. They enabled him to establish a general geological map of China. That same year, Teilhard's superiors in the Jesuit Order forbade him to teach any longer.
In 1926–27, after a missed campaign in Gansu, Teilhard traveled in the Sang-Kan-Ho valley near Kalgan (Zhangjiakou) and made a tour in Eastern Mongolia. He wrote Le Milieu Divin (The Divine Milieu). Teilhard prepared the first pages of his main work Le Phénomène Humain (The Phenomenon of Man). The Holy See refused the Imprimatur for Le Milieu Divin in 1927.
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He joined the ongoing excavations of the Peking Man Site atZhoukoudian as an advisor in 1926 and continued in the role for the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China following its founding in 1928. Teilhard resided inManchuria with Emile Licent, staying in Western Shansi (Shanxi) and northern Shensi (Shaanxi) with the Chinese paleontologistC. C. Young and with Davidson Black, Chairman of theGeological Survey of China.
After a tour in Manchuria in the area of Great Khingan with Chinese geologists, Teilhard joined the team of American Expedition Center-Asia in the Gobi Desert, organized in June and July by the American Museum of Natural History with Roy Chapman Andrews. Henri Breuil and Teilhard discovered that the Peking Man, the nearest relative of Pithecanthropus fromJava, was a faber (worker of stones and controller of fire). Teilhard wrote L'Esprit de la Terre (The Spirit of the Earth).
Teilhard took part as a scientist in the Croisière Jaune (Yellow Cruise) financed by André Citroën in Central Asia. Northwest of Beijing in Kalgan, he joined the Chinese group who joined the second part of the team, the Pamir group, in Aksu. He remained with his colleagues for several months in Ürümqi, capital of Sinkiang. The following year the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) began.
In 1933, Rome ordered him to give up his post in Paris. Teilhard subsequently undertook several explorations in the south of China. He traveled in the valleys of Yangtze River and Sichuan in 1934, then, the following year, in Kwang-If and Guangdong. The relationship with Marcellin Boule was disrupted; the museum cut its financing on the grounds that Teilhard worked more for the Chinese Geological Service than for the museum.[citation needed]
During all these years, Teilhard contributed considerably to the constitution of an international network of research in human paleontology related to the whole of eastern and southeastern Asia. He would be particularly associated in this task with two friends, the English/Canadian Davidson Black and the Scot George Brown Barbour. Often he would visit France or the United States, only to leave these countries for further expeditions.
During 1930–1931, Teilhard stayed in France and in the United States. During a conference in Paris, Teilhard stated: "For the observers of the Future, the greatest event will be the sudden appearance of a collective humane conscience and a human work to make." From 1932–1933, he began to meet people to clarify issues with the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, regarding Le Milieu divin andL'Esprit de la Terre. He met Helmut de Terra, a German geologist in the International Geology Congress in Washington, DC.
Teilhard was nominated to the French Academy of Sciences in 1950.
Teilhard died in New York City, where he was in residence at the Jesuit Church of St. Ignatius Loyola,Park Avenue. On 15 March 1955, at the house of his diplomat cousin Jean de Lagarde, Teilhard told friends he hoped he would die on Easter Sunday.[10] On the evening of Easter Sunday, 10 April 1955, during an animated discussion at the apartment of Rhoda de Terra, his personal assistant since 1949, Teilhard suffered a heart attack and died.[10] He was buried in the cemetery for the New York Province of the Jesuits at the Jesuit novitiate, St. Andrew-on-Hudson, in Hyde Park, New York,[11] With the moving of the novitiate, the property was sold to the Culinary Institute of America in 1970.
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1920
George Brown Barbour FGS FRSE FRSSA (1890–1977) was an internationally renowned Scottish geologist and educator.
He graduated from Cambridge in 1918.
In 1919 he travelled to America to attend Columbia University in New York. Here he met Dorothy Dickinson, whom he married in a small ceremony at her summer home, "Kakro", in Westhampton Beach, Long Island on 15 May 1920. She was from a very well-connected Christian family.
Together they then travelled to China (his wife having the intention to act as a Christian missionary[2]) where he then became Professor of Applied Geology at Yenching University (in Peking) from 1920 to 1922. In 1922 and 1923 he was Head of Geology at Peiyang University in Tientsin. Then returning to Yenching as Professor of Geology from 1923 to 1932.[3] During his time in China he served on the staff of the Chinese Geological Survey's Cenozoic Laboratory and was intimately associated with the discovery and dating of Peking Man.[4]
During this period based in China, he communicated with Columbia University, who in 1929 awarded him, in-absentia, a PhD in his field.
In 1932 he left China, as their eldest son Hugh and contracted Peking fever. Return to China then proved impossible due to the ongoing cultural revolution. They settled temporarily inCincinnati where he took the role of Professor of Geology at Cincinnati University for one year.
In 1934 the Rockefeller Foundation offered him a grant to return to China, but as this did not include visas for his family he declined and instead took up a two-year role lecturing in geology at the University of London, back in Britain.
He returned to Cincinnati in 1937 as associate professor. In 1938 he became Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, but resigned the position in 1958 to return to teaching geology, a work for which he had great enthusiasm and in which he was distinguished.
In 1960 he retired as emeritus professor of geology and dean emeritus of the College of Arts and Sciences in Cincinnati. After retirement he taught at some other American universities.
Barbour continued to travel the world on important geological expeditions in many parts of the world, notably in China, Mongolia, and Africa.
He spent a number of summers on expeditions in Africa searching for remains of prehistoric man. His work there after 1947 centered on the prehistoric Men-Apes of the Transvaal veldt. For his scientific contributions on four continents, he was honored by the British and the Belgian Royal Geographic Society, Royal Society of South Africa and of Edinburgh, Geological Society of South Africa, and the Italian Institute of Human Paleontology. He was honorary lecturer at the University of London and guest lecturer at the University of Witwatersand, South Africa.
He attended international geological congresses in the United States, Moscow, London, Algiers, and Mexico City, and two Pan-American congresses.
He died peacefully in his sleep, at home in Cincinnati on 11 July 1977, aged 86.
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CINCINNATI, July 12—Dr. George B. Barbour, internationally known geologist and educator, died in his sleep last night. He was 86 years old.
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