亨利·诺曼·白求恩[1]（英语：Henry Norman Bethune，1890年3月4日－1939年11月）是一位加拿大著名胸外科医师、医疗创新者及人道主义者、共产党员。
1922年毕业照片
在西班牙内战期间运作加拿大输血所。右为白求恩博士，1936年摄于西班牙
1937年7月30日，白求恩参加美国洛杉矶医疗局举行的欢迎“西班牙人民之友”宴会，遇到了中华全国各界救国联合会领导人之一的陶行知。陶行知向白求恩介绍了七七事变后中国的抗日战争形势，白求恩向陶行知表示：“如果需要，我愿意到中国去！” 白求恩就此事向加拿大共产党作了汇报，称“西班牙和中国都是同一场战争中的一部分”“中国比西班牙更加迫切需要医生”，“（白求恩）在西班牙的经验可以运用于中国的反法西斯战场”。1937年12月，受美共与加共的派遣，白求恩赴纽约接受国际援华委员会（由共产国际授意美共与加共推动组建，配合宋庆龄主持的保卫中国大同盟为援华抗日做募捐选传）资助组建了加美医疗队准备赴华从事战地医疗工作。
该医疗队的另外两人是：北温尼伯的圣约瑟夫医院外科手术医疗部的精通中文的加拿大籍女护士简·伊文（Jean Ewen，或译作琼·尤恩，中文名于青莲）；临行前参加的美国外科医生帕森斯。
1938年1月8日，加美医疗队携带一批药品和手术器材，从温哥华乘船赴中国。登船前白求恩给前妻弗朗西丝写了告别信。
1938年1月20日抵达香港，收到了美共中国局通知的八路军驻香港办事处负责人廖承志安排加美医疗队乘飞机至武汉。在武汉等待北上期间，白求恩与伊文到汉阳长老会医院（今武汉市第五医院）帮助工作；医生帕森斯决定留在武汉国统区，白求恩明确拒绝了在蒋中正所领导的国民政府管辖区工作，而转而帮助中国共产党。经过在武汉的军委会政治部副主任周恩来安排，
1938年2月22日，白求恩与伊文一行运送医疗物资的数十辆大车离开武汉，经战乱中的河南、陕西潼关渡黄河到山西风陵渡、运城、至临汾附近的八路军总部。
这时遇到日军沿同蒲铁路南下进攻，白求恩一行又经潼关转道于3月20日抵达西安，在八路军驻西安办事处负责人林伯渠的安排下，最终于1938年3月31日抵达延安。
4月1日与毛泽东会面时，白求恩说利用他从北美带来的医疗器械足以组建一支战地医疗队，到前线就近抢救重伤员；毛泽东对白求恩说的伤员立即手术将有75%的复原率很高兴，表示会大力支持他的工作。
1938年5月2日白求恩率一批医护人员离开延安前往晋察冀边区，成了一名战地医生。简·伊文留在了陕甘宁晋绥边区，后于1939年初赴皖南新四军总部工作半年，1981年在加拿大出版回忆录详尽回忆了与白求恩赴华的全过程。
毛泽东致电晋察冀军区司令员兼政委聂荣臻：“同意任白求恩为军区卫生顾问，对其意见和能力完全信任”。白求恩同晋察冀的木匠铁匠一起制造手术器械，他也帮助创立医生护士和医院勤务兵的训练，一再致信聂荣臻创办军区卫生学校大量培养医护人员。他也设计把包装箱用作手术台以及马背药箱。他曾创下了冀中齐会战斗在69个小时内为115名伤员动手术的纪录。他在中国时期曾和毛泽东通信。白求恩在中国的一年九个月另十七天，写了很多信与文章寄给美国加拿大的机构与友人，向国际社会宣传中国的抗战形势，呼吁国际社会为中国抗战提供经费、物资和人员援助。
白求恩原定于1939年10月20日启程短暂回北美为组建八路军后方医院与晋察冀军区卫生学校筹款。这时遇上了日军发动对晋察冀冬季大扫荡。白求恩选择留下来参与反扫荡作战的医疗救治。
1939年10月29日涞源县摩天岭战斗中为一名腿部受重伤的伤员做手术，在日军迫近手术所时为加快手术进程，白求恩把左手伸进伤口掏取碎骨，一片碎骨刺破了白求恩的中指。
3天后的11月1日白求恩为一名颈部患丹毒合并蜂窝组织炎的伤员做手術，手指处的开放创口遭到感染。
11月12日因败血症在河北省唐县黄石口村去世。去世前一天的遗书中
“请求国际援华委员会给我的离婚妻子拨一笔生活的款子,分期给也可以”“向她说明，我是十分抱歉的，也告诉她，我曾经是很愉快的”。
1939年12月1日，延安举行了白求恩追悼大会。
白求恩一生都热爱艺术，曾创作了很多艺术作品，包括肺结核的感悟，自画像，火炉，夜间手术台等等。多伦多大学医学院毕业之后，因为曾服役一战和加拿大海军的关系，他开始了在英国伦敦病童医院的学习实习生活，在那里他结交了很多艺术家朋友，艺术的热忱和奔放，给予了他的人生更广阔和激情的方向。
没有艺术上的专业培训，白求恩凭借频繁参观艺术馆，艺术圈朋友们的熏陶，阅读和自己的那点小聪明，很快学会了鉴别一件艺术品的优劣。在西伦敦医院工作时期，他了解到在西班牙和葡萄牙买到的廉价作品，很快能在伦敦卖到一个好价钱。他以此借钱经商，作为副业来支持自己在伦敦的社交生活和挥金如土的习惯 。[7]
Jean Ewen (December 24, 1911 - 1987) was a Canadian nurse who worked with Chinese communist soldiers during the 1930s.
Canadian nurse Jean Ewen with American military observer Capt. Carlson.
Ewen was born in Scotland in 1911, but immigrated with her family to Canada as a child, where they settled inSaskatchewan. Ewen studied nursing in Winnipeg, graduating in 1931.[1] In 1932, she moved to China to work as a medical missionary with the Franciscan Fathers, and learned Mandarin. Following a brief return to Canada in 1937, Ewen accompanied Doctor Norman Bethune when he came to China to offer medical aid to the communist forces, serving as his interpreter and assistant.
Ewen came from a family of communist supporters, but she was opposed to mixing politics and medicine. In her memoirChina Nurse 1932–1939, she described the horrors of front-line surgery during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In addition to nursing the wounded, she trained nurses and "barefoot doctors" and taught sanitation, for which the Chinese government awarded her the Silver Shield.[2] Ewen eventually left China, travelling south to Hong Kong, and returned to Canada.
Shortly after her return, she married John Kozar, a friend of her two brothers when they served in the Spanish Civil War. They had two children, Laura and Tom (though Laura was conceived while Ewen was still in China, and was born just after Kozar and Ewen were married).[3] Kozar was killed when his ship was sunk in 1942, and Ewen subsequently married Mike Kovitch in 1946, with whom she had a third child, Michael.
China Nurse, Ewen's memoir, was published in 1981. In later editions, it was called Canadian Nurse in China. Ewen died in 1987, and her ashes were returned to China in 1988.[4]
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http://bbs1.people.com.cn/post/7/1/2/144613269.html
白求恩的女护士揭穿了“某人”的谣言。
某人在 “幸运狂徒白求恩”称：
“八路军派专人护送他去延安。大家高高兴兴去往"革命圣地"。让人没有料到的是，在等船渡黄河的时候，他跑掉了。白求恩真的跑掉了，但不是开小差。他的不见，源于两项"中国特产"的吸引：一是高粱米酒，二是乡村娼寮。大家苦苦寻找，没有结果，便求助于一位正在农村行医的加拿大牧师，他的名字叫罗明远（Robert McClure）。罗明远不负重托，很快就从一家娼寮中把白大医生架了回来。”
某人在主要事实上犯了错误：
根据和白求恩一起到中国的护士兼翻译 琼．尤恩在1981年加拿大出版的自传的描写，她和白求恩1938年一月八日从温哥华坐船前往上海。在上海由史沫特莱安排到武汉。到武汉后与周恩来见面后，由他安排她和白求恩由楚同志带领一行三人前往延安。整个行程用了两个月左右，从武汉，汉阳，郑州，山西，西安，从每天都看到的难民和伤兵到日本飞机沿途不断的轰炸，从坐火车，货车，卡车，到马车。到在到延安前后遇到的朱德，李德，马海德等，她对所有的细节都有详细描写。
应该指出，尤恩在这时对白没什么好感。对他的专横，暴躁，爱发脾气，不讲方式，颐指气使，居高临下的态度多有描写，但也记录了白求恩在见到伤兵时（不管是国民党还是共产党的）马上奋身抢救的行为。白也几次帮助要饭的儿童。她对和士兵及牲畜一起渡黄河也有描写。她没有写所谓的白求恩失踪几天喝醉了寻花问柳，因为这根本不存在。
西锅提到的正在中国行医的加拿大牧师罗明远（Robert McClure），确有其人。但罗明远的书无法确认他何时遇到白大夫，而且罗明远只说到白喝酒，并没说白婊娼。在离开延安之后到晋察冀后，这时白求恩已是前呼后拥，至少有一个排的八路整天武装保护。说他失踪。很难自园其说。也不能排除罗明远为了吹自己而夸大自己的作用。
如某人想认真探索，请读下列书：
Jean Ewen (1981). Canadian Nurse in China.
By McClelland and Steward Limited.
白求恩式的女护士在加拿大受到的冷遇。
琼．尤恩 （Jean Ewen）六、七岁的时候，母亲患病去世了。父亲是个贫苦的工人，１９３１年底因为读几本马克思的书的“煽动罪”而被捕、判五年监禁。尤恩到了十五、六岁时就离开学校，在一间洗衣店工作，后来在北温尼伯的圣约瑟夫医院学护理。
１９３３年３月到１９３７年６月，她到中国山东的一些城镇里在教会开办的诊所里工作当护士并勤奋地自学汉语。全面抗战爆发了后。她在北美读到了美国作家史沫特莱的报刊文章，又看到了史沫特莱写的油印信--呼吁医生和护士去中国。这时，加拿大和美国共产党联合组成了“援华委员会”。尤恩立即前去纽约与'援华委员会'取得了联系。此后，辞掉了工作，参加了以白求恩为首的医疗队。她担任白大夫的翻译，再次远涉重洋，重新踏上了中国的土地。后来，白求恩去山西五台山了，尤恩则留在陕北、晋绥边区工作。
后来她緬转到上海，史沫特莱等人要求她募集一批医药、物资、现款，并亲自运送给皖南的新四军。她答应了。１９３９年初，尤恩带领的车队通过封锁线，进入了新四军的防区。在那里，她结识了新四军的主要领导人---叶挺、项英、陈毅，对新四军也有了深入的了解：在皖南的将近半年时间里，尤恩不仅亲自参加对伤病员的抢救，而且还帮助培训战地医务人员。在初夏的６月，她告别了中国。
她回到加拿大后，连工作都找不到。1976年加拿大在中国要求下建白求恩纪念馆，CBC（加拿大电视台）才采访了她一下。试图引诱她说白求恩的坏话。
1９７９年９月，对外友好协会会长王炳南访问加拿大到位于维多利亚的尤恩住处拜访时。只她下身覆盖着一条毯子，头发几乎全白，瘫坐着临窗的一张靠椅上。
1987年十月去世后，家人根据她的遗愿，将骨灰带到中国，葬在河北晋察冀抗日烈士陵园.
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Roderick Stewart and wife Sharon visited Songyankou, at the foothills of Mountain Wutai in Shanxi province during a 2005 trip to China, where Bethune attempted to establish a "Model Hospital". Photos Provided to China Daily
1972
But for Canadian Roderick Stewart, an 80-year-old retired history teacher, Bethune is a neither a propaganda tool nor a godlike figure as some have depicted him.
"Bethune was a human being, who I can say has become my life," Stewart said.
Stewart has devoted more than 45 years of his life to studying Bethune, which has yielded five books that were published globally, including in China. The biography Phoenix: The Life of Norman Bethune by Stewart and wife Sharon is being adapted into a 3D movie by 3DIMP, and is set to be launched for an international audience in the coming months.
One of his Chinese friends Qi Ming, a professor at Bethune Military Medical College in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, said the moment he stepped into Stewart's house he was stunned by the study jammed with books about Bethune and letters Stewart received for research.
"Once I asked, you're not a communist nor a medical professional, so why are you so obsessed with him?" Qi said.
He simply replied, "how many Bethunes do we have in Canada? How many in the world? There is only one".
Stewart said that the prime characteristic of Bethune that attracted him was his tenacity, and his "unwillingness to give up, which came from a belief in himself".
"Like a terrier, a dog which grabs something and struggles mightily to resist any attempt to yank the object from its teeth," Stewart said.
Stewart is just like Bethune. He impressed Qi with his determination to find out every detail and fact. "We've been writing like one e-mail a day, as he checked through every detail he asked me about," Qi said.
The Mandarin-speaking writer also wrote some 5,000 words replying to China Daily's interview questions. For his book Phoenix, he located 77 rare photos and many precious documents, after talking to 300 people who were knew Bethune from all around the world.
The Stewarts have traveled to China five times to follow the footprints of the doctor, and to meet Bethune's former colleagues, patients and students, and even Bethune's "boss" when in China, Marshal Nie Rongzhen.
The first trip, in 1972, saw Stewart arrive in China several weeks after US president Richard Nixon's visit.
He got an invitation from the first Chinese ambassador to Canada Huang Hua in 1969. At the time Stewart was starting to get interested in Bethune, after showing his students (who knew Bethune as much as he did) a video in history class.
"When I visited Shijiazhuang in April 1972, beasts of burden (camels, donkeys and horses) were much more commonly seen on the city streets than trucks," he said.
Fact-based presentation
Stewart's quest started at a time, in the depths of the Cold War, when many Canadians knew little about Bethune.
While in China, there were prevailing "ideologically-shaped Chinese descriptions of Bethune", he said.
With the goal of presenting a "fact-based biography to describe Bethune the man as a whole person", he returned in 1975 for more information, and later for longer stays as an English teacher in Chongqing in 1979 and Harbin, Heilongjiang province in 1983.
Stewart said his research had "a mountain of problems". But he had the fortune of the companionship of his wife Sharon, a skilled researcher and veteran editor.
"In our house our studies are side by side," Stewart said.
The couple was about to quit Bethune when they found a great deal of new material in different countries around 2000.
They obtained an unpublished autobiography of Henning Sorensen, Bethune's interpreter in Spain, and were offered by the daughter of Jean Ewen, the Canadian nurse who went to China with Bethune, the chance to read their mother's autobiography.
Degree of change
In 2005, accompanied by Bethune's former Chinese student Zhang Yesheng, the Stewarts arrived in China again to follow the doctor's footsteps throughout the former Jin-Cha-Ji border region in the 1930s.
"After an absence of 30 years. I was staggered by the degree of change," he said. "I never dreamed that such a revolutionary change could take place in my lifetime in China. Hao ji le (Mandarin for fabulous )!" he said.
Also changing is the Chinese perspective of Bethune. "Truth has begun to nudge aside ideological fairy tales," he said.
Cheng Xiaoming, Chinese publisher of Stewart's book, believes it's their lifelong work on Bethune that help form the shifts.
"The Stewarts are the first to picture Bethune as a man who has a temper and preferences,' Cheng said. "They offer new humane touches into the doctor's adventurous life."
Qi and Cheng regard Stewart's books highly because "they offer insight to Chinese society about why faith and professionalism, which Stewart's Bethune carried up to his death, can be decisive".
The Stewarts initiated a Sino-Hispanic-Canadian cultural cooperation project called "Bethune 2014", trying to make more people aware of Bethune's role.
"I have until now had a long and cordial relationship with the Chinese that goes back to my early youth," Stewart said.
He added that, as a child, he liked the Cantonese dishes a Chinese employee in his father's factory in Niagara Falls used to cook for him.
"I learned to use chopsticks before my teens; Sharon and I still buy food in Chinese supermarkets once a week."
"So my memories of China are deep, warm, and lasting," he said.
meijia@chinadaily.com.cn
(China Daily USA 01/01/2015 page11)
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