https://www.history.com/news/vietnam-war-combatants
“For the most part, the Chinese stayed in the background, rebuilding areas destroyed by U.S. bombs and manning anti-aircraft batteries. But perhaps their biggest role was preemptive: They made it clear that if U.S. ground troops invaded North Vietnam, then they would respond in kind.
Unlike during the Korean War, the United States yielded to this threat. “Their function is as a tripwire,” Moise says, “a warning to the Americans: ‘Don’t go too far… or you’ll be fighting us.’”
“大部分情况下，中国人留在了幕后，重建了被美国炸弹和高空炮兵摧毁的地区。 但也许他们最大的作用是抢占先机：他们明确表示，如果美国地面部队入侵北越，那么他们将以实物回应。
与朝鲜战争不同，美国屈服于这一威胁。 莫伊斯说：“他们的功能就像绊索一样，向美国人发出警告：‘不要走太远……否则你会与我们作战。’”
"This time, Johnson and his advisers paid close attention to the Chinese role. They were afraid that if the United States pushed too hard or attacked North Vietnam without restraint, they would have a replay of the Korean War. Johnson's critics later said that China was just bluffing, that the Chinese weren't serious about intervening. Harry Summers and other military writers criticized Johnson for allowing his fear of Chinese intervention to undermine his bombing campaign.
However, the new evidence from China suggests that Mao was seriously prepared to intervene. There was a secret agreement between Hanoi and Beijing that if the Americans launched a ground invasion of North Vietnam (at that time, the United States had restricted itself to a bombing campaign), China would send ground troops into North Vietnam and would not allow the United States to defeat Hanoi. If the Americans bombed North Vietnam, China would match the American military action by taking measures to protect North Vietnamese cities and to rebuild roads and bridges. They would also send anti-aircraft artillery units and army engineers to support North Vietnamese troops and help them deal with the air bombing pressure.
Meanwhile back in China, Mao was making preparations in anticipation of war with the United States. He relocated industries, universities, and research institutions in the coastal areas of eastern China to the mountainous areas of southwest China. He ordered his people to build anti-air shelters throughout China."
"这次，约翰逊及其顾问密切关注了中国的角色。他们担心，如果美国过分用力或无限制地进攻北越，他们将重演朝鲜战争。约翰逊的批评者后来说，中国只是虚张声势，中国人并不认真干预。哈里·萨默斯（Harry Summers）和其他军事作家批评约翰逊，让他担心中国的干预会破坏他的轰炸行动。
但是，来自中国的新证据表明，毛泽东已准备好进行干预。河内与北京之间达成一项秘密协议，即如果美国人向北越发动地面入侵（当时美国只限于轰炸行动），中国将向北越派遣地面部队，并且不允许美国打败河内。如果美国人轰炸北越，中国将采取措施保护北越的城市，并重建道路和桥梁，以配合美国的军事行动。他们还将派高射炮兵部队和陆军工程师支持北越部队，并帮助他们应对空袭压力。
与此同时，毛泽东回到中国时，正准备与美国发生战争。他将中国东部沿海地区的工业，大学和研究机构搬到了中国西南山区。他命令他的人民在中国各地建造防空洞。"
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