Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications. The most common types of medications used to alleviate asthma symptoms include:
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Inhaled Corticosteroids: These are the most important medications for most people with asthma. They reduce swelling and inflammation in the airways, making them less sensitive and less likely to react to triggers. Examples include fluticasone (Flovent), budesonide (Pulmicort), and beclomethasone (Qvar).
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Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABAs): These are often referred to as rescue inhalers. They work quickly to relax tight muscles around your airways when you're having a flare-up. Examples include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA) and levalbuterol (Xopenex).
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Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABAs): These are used along with inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control of asthma symptoms. They should not be used for quick relief. Examples include salmeterol (Serevent) and formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist).
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Combination Inhalers: These medications contain an inhaled corticosteroid plus a LABA. Examples include fluticasone and salmeterol (Advair Diskus, Advair HFA), budesonide and formoterol (Symbicort), and fluticasone and vilanterol (Breo Ellipta).
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Leukotriene Modifiers: These oral medications help control asthma symptoms by blocking the action of leukotrienes, chemicals in the immune system that can lead to asthma symptoms. Examples include montelukast (Singulair), zafirlukast (Accolate), and zileuton (Zyflo).
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Theophylline: This is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open (bronchodilator). It's used to treat mild asthma.
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Biologic Therapies: These are advanced medications for people with severe asthma or asthma that's triggered by allergies. They're given by injection and include omalizumab (Xolair), mepolizumab (Nucala), reslizumab (Cinqair), and benralizumab (Fasenra).
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Oral Corticosteroids: For severe asthma attacks, oral corticosteroids may be prescribed. They are effective but can have significant side effects if used long term. Examples include prednisone and methylprednisolone.
It's important to note that asthma treatment varies from person to person. What works well for one person might not work for another. Therefore, it's crucial to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for individual needs and to adjust medications as necessary.
以下是将哮喘常用药物的信息翻译成中文：
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吸入性皮质类固醇：这些是大多数哮喘患者最重要的药物。它们可以减少气道中的肿胀和炎症，使气道变得不那么敏感，不太可能对触发因素作出反应。例如：氟替卡松（Flovent）、布地奈德（Pulmicort）和倍氯米松（Qvar）。
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短效β2受体激动剂（SABAs）：这些通常被称为急救吸入剂。它们可以迅速放松围绕气道的紧张肌肉，用于应对突发症状。例如：沙丁胺醇（ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA）和左旋沙丁胺醇（Xopenex）。
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长效β2受体激动剂（LABAs）：这些药物与吸入性皮质类固醇一起使用，用于长期控制哮喘症状。它们不应用于快速缓解。例如：沙美特罗尔（Serevent）和福莫特罗（Foradil, Perforomist）。
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复合吸入剂：这些药物包含了吸入性皮质类固醇和长效β2受体激动剂。例如：氟替卡松与沙美特罗尔（Advair Diskus, Advair HFA）、布地奈德与福莫特罗（Symbicort）、氟替卡松与维兰特罗尔（Breo Ellipta）。
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白三烯调节剂：这些口服药物通过阻断免疫系统中可能导致哮喘症状的白三烯的作用来帮助控制哮喘症状。例如：蒙特卢卡斯（Singulair）、扎非卢卡斯（Accolate）和锌鲁卡斯（Zyflo）。
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茶碱：这是一种每日口服药物，有助于保持气道开放（支气管扩张剂）。它用于治疗轻度哮喘。
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生物制剂：这些是用于治疗严重哮喘或由过敏引起的哮喘的高级药物。它们通过注射给药，包括奥马珠单抗（Xolair）、美普利珠单抗（Nucala）、雷司利珠单抗（Cinqair）和贝那利珠单抗（Fasenra）。
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口服皮质类固醇：对于严重哮喘发作，可能会开口服皮质类固醇。它们非常有效，但如果长期使用可能会有显著的副作用。例如：强的松和甲泼尼龙。
需要注意的是，哮喘治疗因人而异。对一个人有效的方法可能对另一个人无效。因此，与医疗保健提供者合作以确定最佳治疗计划并根据需要调整药物是非常重要的。
