请教一个语法问题

For sculpture, the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, resulting in sculptural qualities even in architecture.

They used firebombs in several instances, causing heavy property damage.

请教一个语法问题，上面两句中，causing和 resulting in 是动名词，修饰前半句话。请问这个语法结构是什么？怎么样用英语表达这个语法结构？多谢！

这个语法结构经常出现在SAT，我们中学就学了，但美国小孩不懂。我想goolge这个语法，但不知道怎样把这种语法结构翻译成英文。多谢了！

所有跟帖： 

• this is not a gerund -贾平凸- ♂ (204 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:49:22

• . -randomness- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:56:37

• 楼主例子里的-ing不是动名词，动名词不能做壮语 -lookforward- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 15:00:55

• 不是修饰前半句，是进一步说明补充。这对美国孩子应该不是问题吧？ -两女宝妈- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:49:38

• These two verb-ing are present participles , not gerunds -zoey@riverside- ♀ (0 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 14:55:36

• 权威语法解说Present Participles (ZT 牛津语法） -网恋无罪- ♂ (19419 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 15:39:05

• Here is what Chat-GPT replied: -JianFromCA- ♂ (81 bytes) () 01/06/2023 postreply 15:49:14