上海哥的·意思是你现在 tax bracket is 37.6% the highest bracket

and will be 24% or lower post retirement, then it is worthwhile to do pre-tax. Otherwise, just do Roth. 别忘了州税。 有人在免税州工作，退休跑到加州享受阳光，要交阳光税的。24% is doable if our portfolio is mainly stocks. We can control how much capital gains to realize each year.