values and practices

 The former have been defined as ‘enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct […] is personally and socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct’ (Rokeach, 1973, 5). The latter are more visible to an external observer and often manifest themselves in symbols, heroes and rituals (Hofstede, 2001). Values may be seen as systems of deep assumptions that have strong affective components, are acquired early on in life and tend to be rather stable (Karahanna et al., 2005, 5), while practices are attitudes that are ‘learned later through socialisation at the workplace after an individual’s values are firmly in place’ (Karahanna et al., 2005, 6). Values and practices are two critical aspects of culture and are intertwined. Ideally, practices should reflect values, but this is not always the case. When practices dictated by one level of culture (e.g. organisational) are not aligned with the values comprising another level of culture (e.g. national), tensions and conflicts may arise.

知识分子的一大特点就是成天思考，想通了很多道理但是不见得能成什么事。身体比较弱的人比较容易成为知识分子。因为没有精力和体力干活，只能思考。研究研究历史，很多文学家科学家都是体弱多病的人。比如牛顿，李时珍。。。

精力体力旺盛的人不需要思考太多，直接去改变世界了。比如商人，政客。。