常见的食品添加剂（ＺＴ）

http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/indepth.food/additives/table.html

Common food additives

Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Algin	A compound extracted from algae	Puddings, milkshakes, ice cream	Make foods creamier and thicker, extend shelf life	None
Aspartame	Chemical compound made of methanol, aspartic acid and phenylalanine	Beverages, puddings, yogurt, chewing gum, and sold as Nutrasweet, Spoonful and Equal	Low-calorie sweetener	Some people are allergic to aspartame. Migraine headaches a common reaction in these people
Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)	A phenolic chemical compound	Foods high in fats and oils such as butter; also meats, cereals, baked goods, beer, snack foods, dehydrated potatoes, chewing gum	Preservative, keeps food from going rancid; also as defoaming agent for yeast	Inconclusive; in large doses may cause tumors in lab animals
Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)	A phenolic chemical compound	Cereals, shortening, foods high in fats and oils	Preservative, keeps food from changing flavor, odor, color	Inconclusive, in large doses may cause tumors in lab animals
Calcium Carbonate	Compound containing the nutrient calcium	Some bakery products, frozen desserts, and flour	Emulsifier, bleaching agent, dietary supplement	No negative effects as a food additive *
Carrageenan	Compound extracted from Irish Moss, a type of seaweed	Puddings, milkshakes, ice cream	Make foods jell, stabilize foods to keep color and flavor even	None
Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Citric Acid	An acid which occurs naturally in fruits such as lemons and limes	Canned fruit juices, cheese, margarine, salad dressings	Flavoring and neutralizing agent (keeps food at proper acidity)	None
Erythorbic acid	Acidic substance, also known as iso-ascorbic acid	Soft drinks, juice, wine	Preservative, maintains color and flavor	None
Folic Acid	B-complex vitamin	Breakfast cereals, enriched breads, flour, corn meal, rice, noodles, macaroni and other grain products	Dietary supplement, helps prevent heart disease	None
Fumaric Acid	Chemical produced when humans digest carbohydrates; also synthetically manufactured	Fruit jellies and preserves	Controls acidity/alkalinity in foods, also dietary supplement	None
Glycerin	A syrupy type of alcohol derived from sugar	Food flavorings	Maintaining desired food consistency	None
Guar Gum	Substance made from seeds of the guar plant, a legume grown in India	Cheese, including processed cheese, ice cream, jelly and preserves, and dressings	Stabilizer	None
Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Iron	A metal necessary in the diet	Breakfast cereals, enriched breads	Dietary supplement	None as a food additive *
Lactic Acid	A bitter-tasting substance obtained from sour milk	Bakery products, cheese, frozen desserts, fruit butters, jellies and preserves	Neutralizing agent, flavoring	None
Lecithin	An emulsifying agent found naturally in milk and some vegetables	Cacao bean products such as cocoa butter and chocolate, bakery products, margarine and cheese products	Keeps food products from separating	None
Methylcellulose	A number of gummy substances, produced through reaction between cellulose and methyls	Fruit butters, jellies	Keeps food products from separating	None
Mono- and Diglycerides	Emulsifying agents, may be derived from soybean fat	Shortening, margarine, cacao products, bakery products	Keeps food products from separating	None
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)	A salt of the amino acid glutamic acid	Canned vegetables, canned tuna, dressings, many frozen foods	Flavor enhancer	Generally recognized as safe; however, those on low-sodium diets should avoid it. Negative side effects also appear in some people when eaten in large amounts, and in some asthmatics.
Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Pectin	A water-soluble substance present in various ripe fruits and vegetables	Canned fruit, fruit butters, jellies and preserves	Making foods jell, also to keep foods from separating	None
Phosphoric Acid	A substance created by exposing phosphorous to oxygen	Acidified skim milk, cheese	Acidifying agent, emulsifier	None
Potassium Bisulfite	Type of sulfite	Wine, dried apples, dehydrated potatoes	Preventing fruit discoloration, inhibiting bacterial growth in wine	Some humans allergic to sulfites; in U.S., FDA prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables
Potassium Metabisulfite	Type of sulfite	Wine, dried apples, dehydrated potatoes	Preventing fruit discoloration, inhibiting bacterial growth in wine	Some humans allergic to sulfites; in U.S., FDA prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables
Potassium Nitrite	One of a number of nitrites used with salt to prevent food from spoiling	Cured red meat and poultry products	Preservative	None known
Propionic Acid	A type of bacteria found naturally in the production of cheese; also made synthetically	Cheese, bread	Mold inhibitor, preservative	None
Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Saccharin	Non-nutritive water-soluble sugar substitute	Fruit juice drinks, carbonated beverages, canned fruits, fruit butters, jellies, preservatives, and in sugar substitutes for cooking, table use	Sweetener	Known to cause cancer in laboratory animals
Sodium Aluminosilicate	A naturally-occurring mineral	Dried whole eggs and egg yolks, grated cheeses	Keeps food from caking and clumping up	None
Sodium Benzoate	A granular salt	Soft drinks, packaged beverages, fruit preserves and jellies, concentrated orange juice, margarine, fast-food burgers	Preservative	None
Sodium Bicarbonate	A crystalline salt; also known as baking soda	Baked goods, canned vegetables, cereal flours	Leavening agent, also maintains acid balance in canned products	Significant source of sodium; those on low-sodium diets should avoid consuming large quantities
Sodium Bisulfite	Type of sulfite	Bottled lemon juice, wine, dried apples, dehydrated potatoes	Preventing fruit discoloration, inhibiting bacterial growth in wine	Some humans allergic to sulfites; in U.S., FDA prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables
Sodium Metabisulfite	Type of sulfite	Wine, dried apples, dehydrated potatoes	Preventing fruit discoloration, inhibiting bacterial growth in wine	Some humans allergic to sulfites; in U.S., FDA prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables
Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Sodium Nitrite	A salt, also used in the manufacture of dyes	Smoked or cured fish, including salmon, and in meat-curing preparations	Preservative (prevents botulism), color fixative	Can combine with chemicals in stomach to form nitrosamine, a highly carcinogenic substance
Sodium Sulfite	Type of sulfite	Wine, dried apples, dehydrated potatoes	Preventing fruit discoloration	Some humans allergic to sulfites; in U.S., FDA prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables
Sulfur Dioxide	Type of sulfite	Wine, dried apples, dehydrated potatoes	Preventing fruit discoloration, inhibiting bacterial growth in wine and on grapes	Some humans allergic to sulfites; in U.S., FDA prohibits its use on raw fruits and vegetables
Vitamin A (incl. beta-carotene)	A fat-soluble vitamin. The human body converts beta-carotene into Vitamin A in the liver	Milk and cream, margarine, cheeses and cheese products	Dietary supplement	None as an additive *
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)	Vitamin found in legumes and other sources, helps the body convert carbohydrates into energy	Macaroni products, cereal flours	Dietary supplement	None
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)	Vitamin found in yogurt, wheat germ and other sources	Cereal flours, bakery products	Dietary supplement	None
Additive	Description	Used in:	Purpose	Side effects
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)	Vitamin found in abundance in liver, chicken, tuna, whole-grain cereals	Cereal flours, enriched bread, macaroni and noodle products	Dietary supplement	None
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	Water-soluble vitamin	Cereal flours, jellies and preserves, canned mushrooms and artichokes	Preservative, dietary supplement	None
Vitamin D	A fat-soluble vitamin humans can produce naturally through exposure to direct sunlight	Milk, macaroni products, cereal products	Nutritional purposes, prevents rickets	None as an additive *
Yeast	Single-celled organisms used to make wines ferment and bread rise	Bakery products, macaroni and noodle products, enriched corn meal	Dietary supplement, rising agent	None
Items marked with * indicate that individually, the substance can be toxic in large doses. However, it would be difficult to consume harmful doses of these products in foods in which they are used as additives.