有声读物：《孙子兵法 2》The Art of War Chapter 3 and 4

III.  ATTACK BY STRATAGEM

1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.

2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.

3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.

4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.

5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.
6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.

7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.

8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.

9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.

10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.

11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.

12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:--

13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.

14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.

15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.

16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.

17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:

1. He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
2. He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.
3. He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks.
4. He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.
5. He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.

18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.

IV.  TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS

1. Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.

2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.

3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.

4. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do it.

5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.

6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.

7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.

8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.

9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"

10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.

11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.

12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.

13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.

14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.

15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.

16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success.

17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.

18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.

19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.

20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.

三 谋攻篇

孙子曰：
夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。

是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，为不得已。修橹□①□②，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。

故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。
夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军；不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。

故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。故曰：知己知彼，百战不贻；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必败。

【注：】
①：［车贲］。
②：“温”字“氵”旁换“车”旁。

三、谋攻篇译文

【原文】孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之，全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。

【译文】孙子说：大凡用兵的原则，使敌举国不战而降是上策，击破敌国使之降服是次一等用兵策略；使敌全军不战而降是上策，击破而取胜是次一等用兵策略；使敌全旅不战而降是上策，击破敌旅而取胜是次一等用兵策略；使敌全卒不战而降是上策，击破敌卒使之降服是次一等策略；使敌全伍不战而降是上策，击破敌伍而取胜是次一等策略。因此，百战百胜，并非好的用兵策略中最好的，不交战而使敌屈服，才是用兵策略中最好的。

【原文】故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。修橹轒辒，具器械，三月而后成，距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士三分之一而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。

【译文】因而，最好的用兵策略是以谋略胜敌，其次是以外交手段胜敌，再其次是通过野战交兵胜敌，最下等的是攻城。攻城是在不得已的情况下才采取的（办法）。为了攻城，修造望楼车、车，准备各种攻城器械，三个月才能完成；堆积攻城的土丘，又需三个月才能完成。这时，将帅们已焦躁忿怒异常了，驱赶着士兵像蚂蚁一样去爬城，士卒伤亡三分之一而城还不能攻下，这便是攻城的灾害啊！

【原文】故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下。故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。

【译文】因此，善于用兵的人，使敌军屈服而不用野战交兵的办法，夺取敌城不用蚁附攻城的办法，消灭敌国而不采用长久用兵的办法。一定本着不诉诸兵刃就使敌完整地屈服的原则争横天下，做到军队不受挫而胜利可全得，这便是谋攻的原则。

【原文】故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。

【译文】根据用兵规律，有十倍于敌人的兵力就包围歼灭敌人，有五倍于敌人的兵力就猛烈进攻敌人，有多一倍于敌人的兵力就分割消灭敌人，有与敌相当的兵力则可以抗击，比敌人兵力少时就摆脱敌人，不如敌人兵力强大就避免与敌争锋。小股兵力如果顽固硬拼，就会被强大的对方俘获。

【原文】夫将者，国之辅也。辅周，则国必强；辅隙，则国必弱。

【译文】将帅，是国君的辅佐。辅佐得周密，国家就强盛；辅佐有疏漏，国家必然衰弱。

【原文】故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓“縻军”；不知三军之事，而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权，而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，是谓“乱军引胜”。

【译文】君主对军队造成危害的情况有三个方面：不懂得军队不可以前进而命令他们前进，不懂得军队不可以后退而命令他们后退，这叫束缚、羁縻军队；不懂军中事务却干涉军中行政管理，那么，军士就会迷惑；不知军中权谋之变而参与军队指挥，那么将士就会疑虑。如果三军将士既迷惑又疑虑，诸侯乘机起而攻之的灾难就到来了。这就叫自乱其军而丧失了胜利。

【原文】故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。

【译文】预测胜负有五条：懂得什么条件下可以战，什么条件下不可以战的，胜；懂得众与寡的灵活运用的，胜；上下一心，同仇敌忾的，胜 以有准备之师击无准备之敌的，胜 将领富于才能而君主又不从中干预牵制的，胜。这五条就是预知胜负的途径。

【原文】故曰：知彼知己者，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负，不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。

【译文】因此，可以说：了解对方也了解自己的，百战不败；不了解对方而了解自己的，胜负各半；不了解对方，也不了解自己的，每战必败。
 

四 军形篇

孙子曰：
昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。故曰：胜可知，而不可为。不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余。善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，故其战胜不忒。不忒者，其所措胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。

兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。

称胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。

四、军形篇译文

【原文】孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之可胜。故曰：胜可知，而不可为。

【译文】孙子说：古代善于指挥作战的人，总是先创造条件使自己处于不可战胜的地位，然后等待敌人能被我战胜的时机。做到不可战胜，关键在于自己创造充分的条件；可以战胜敌人，关键在于敌人出现可乘之隙。因而，善于作战的人，能做到自己不可战胜，不能使敌人一定被我战胜。所以说，胜利可以预测，但不可强求。

【原文】不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余（竹简为：守则有余，攻则不足）。善守者，藏于九地之下，善攻者，动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。

【译文】有了不可战胜的条件，就可以守；敌方出现了可胜之隙，就可以攻。守，应依靠自己不可战胜，力有裕如；攻，要针对敌方弱点、不足，举兵必克。善于防守的人，如同深藏于地底，使敌人无形可窥；善于进攻的人，如同神兵自九天而降，使敌措手不及。因而，既能有效地保全自己，又能获取全面的胜利。

【原文】见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明
目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功。故其战胜不忒，不忒者，其所措必胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。

【译文】预见胜利不超过一般人的见识，不算高明中最高明的 经过力战而胜，天下人都说好，也不算好中最好的。就像举起秋毫不算力大，看见太阳、月亮不算眼明，听见雷霆不算耳聪一样。古代善战的人，总是取胜于容易战胜的敌人。因而，这些善战者的胜利，既没有智谋的名声，也没有勇武的功劳。他所进行的战争的胜利是不会有丝毫误差的，之所以没有误差，是因为他们所进行的战斗举动是必胜的，是战胜那已处于失败地位的敌人。善于作战的人，总是自己先立于不败之地，而不放过任何一个打败敌人的时机。因此，胜利之师是先具备必胜条件然后再去交战，失败之师总是先同敌人交战，然后期求从苦战中侥幸取胜。善于用兵的人，总是注意修明政治，确保治军法度，所以能成为战争胜负的主宰。

【原文】兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。

【译文】用兵必须注意：一是土地幅员，二是军赋物资，三是部队兵员战斗实力，四是双方力量对比，五是胜负优劣。度产生于土地幅员的广狭，土地幅员决定军赋物资的多少，军赋物资的多少决定兵员的质量，兵员质量决定部队的战斗力，部队的战斗力决定胜负优劣。所以胜利之师如同以镒对铢，是以强大的军事实力取胜于弱小的敌方，败亡之师如同以铢对镒，是以弱小的军事实力对抗强大的敌方。高明的人指挥部队作战，就像决开千仞之高的山涧积水一样，一泻万丈，这就是强大军事实力啊！