美国“清洁空气微细颗粒(PM)污染规则”的制定和实施—历史的简要回顾


所谓“清洁空气微细颗粒(PM)污染规则”的英文为:Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule; Final Rule。

正巧,笔者有一位朋友在环境保护这一行里做事。经朋友指点,查阅了一些资料,抖胆在这里班门弄斧。

美国环境法规的制定到实施,有非常严格、有时近乎是极其烦人的过程。一般来讲,一个法规成形,要经过如下步骤:

(1)问题的提出
(2)专家研究讨论
(3)制定出初步标准
(4)向公众(包括与之有关的企业)报告并举行听证
(5)订出试行标准
(6)重复第4点
(7)制定最后标准和规则(Final Rule)

1987年,联邦环保署开始启动有关“清洁空气微细颗粒(PM)污染”方面的研究。
1997年,订出初步标准和规则(即所谓的“1997年PM10和PM2.5标准”)。
2007年,“清洁空气微细颗粒(最终)规则”实施(即:“2006年标准”)。

美国环保署对有关标准的说明如下:

The Clean Air Act requires EPA to issue designations after the agency sets a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) or revises an existing standard. EPA formally designates areas as “nonattainment” (not meeting the standard), “unclassifiable/attainment” (meeting the standard or expected to be meeting the standard despite a lack of monitoring data), or “unclassifiable” (insufficient data to classify).

Once nonattainment designations take effect, the state and local governments have three years to develop implementation plans outlining how areas will attain and maintain the standards by reducing air pollutant emissions contributing to fine particle concentrations.

未达到2006 年制定的PM2.5标准的地区(PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas),按照环保署的规定,有三年的时间来制定计划,减少污染,争取达标。

下面是最后法规(Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule; Final Rule, April 25, 2007)颁布之时的两段文字:

On July 18, 1997, we revised the NAAQS for particulate matter (PM) to add new standards for fine particles, using PM2.5 as the indicator. We established health-based (primary) annual and 24-hour standards for PM2.5 (62 FR 38652). The annual standard was set at a level of 15 micrograms per cubic meter, as determined by the 3-year average of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations. The 24-hour standard was set at a level of 65 micrograms per cubic meter, as determined by the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations.

We subsequently completed in October 2006 another review of the NAAQS for PM. With regard to the primary standards, the 24-hour PM2.5 standard was strengthened to a level of 35 micrograms per cubic meter, based on the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations, and the level of the annual standard remained unchanged.

可见,从上面的步骤(1)到(7),美国走了30年。

对于一些具体标准,中国完全没有必要重复美国的所有细节过程,可以采取“拿来主义”。事实上,中国也是这么做的(如中国的饮用水法和污染水法,基本上都是照抄美国的)。

但是,如何兼顾各方利益,保护环境和人民健康,同时避免付出过高的社会成本(比如说,造成不必要的失业率,等等),是需要认真评估、马虎不得的。事实上,美国在这方面也有各种利益方面的博弈。一直到最近,因为成本过高,还有不少地区没有严格执行美国联邦的法规。
请您先登陆,再发跟帖!