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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock_spaceThe Fock space is an algebraic system (Hilbert space) used in quantum mechanics to describe quantum states with a variable or unknown number of particles. It is named for V. A. Fock. The origin of the Fock space concept lies in physics. A construction made by the Russian physicist Fock in 1932 suggested the way of passing from states of single objects to states of collections of these objects.
Technically, the Fock space is the Hilbert space made from the direct sum of tensor products of single-particle Hilbert spaces:

where

is the operator which symmetrizes or antisymmetrizes the space, depending on whether the Hilbert space describes particles obeying bosonic (ν = + ) or fermionic (ν = - ) statistics respectively. H is the single particle Hilbert space. It describes the quantum states for a single particle, and to describe the quantum states of systems with n particles, or superpositions of such states, one must use a larger Hilbert space, the Fock space, which contains states for unlimited and variable number of particles. Fock states are the natural basis of this space.
A useful and convenient basis for this space is the occupancy number basis. If φ_i is a basis of H, then we can agree to denote the state with n0 particles in state φ_0, n1 particles in state φ_1, ..., nk particles in state φ_k by
|n0,n1,...,nk》
Such a state is called a Fock state. Since φ_i are understood as the steady states of the free field, i.e., a definite number of particles, a Fock state describes an assembly of non-interacting particles in definite numbers. The most general pure state is the linear superposition of Fock states.