历史上的三月十二日

来源: fubin 2024-03-12 03:18:26 [] [博客] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读: 次 (72446 bytes)

世界历史上的3月12日

 

今天是312日,2024年的第71天,2024年还剩295天,(2024是闰年,366天)。

 

1925

孙中山于北京逝世

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孙中山(18661112——1925312日),本名孙文,谱名德明,字载之,号日新,又号逸仙。孙中山出生在广东香山翠亨村(今广东中山),是中国政治家、医师、革命家、中华民族主义者。其流亡日本时,曾有一个广为人知的化名中山樵,之后转化成为后世常用的孙中山惯称。曾任中国国民党总理、第一任中华民国临时大总统等职,亦为三民主义思想的创建者。1925312日因肝癌在北京逝世,陵墓位于南京紫金山中山陵。1940年,国民政府通令全国,尊称其为中华民国国父

 

1930

圣雄甘地开始走向大海的“食盐游行“长征

 

1930312(农历1930213),甘地发动食盐进军,对英国统治者的第二次不合作运动开始。

甘地率领70多名崇拜者向海滨丹地进军,沿途宣传,号召人民破坏英国殖民政府的食盐专卖法。他和他的同伴照常每天纺一小时纱。当他们的队伍经过时,村民潮水般加入他们的队伍,当他们到达丹地海滨时,远征的队伍达到几千人之多。各地人民纷纷以海水制盐,这种破坏食盐专卖法的狂热席卷了整个印度,食盐这种违禁品也在各村庄和城镇公开销售。49日甘地为此次非暴力不合作运动规定范围:自制食盐,对酒店、鸦片烟馆和洋布商店进行监视,自己纺织棉纱棉布,学生罢课,公务人员退出公职等。

在这次运动中,英国殖民政府和资本家遭受很大打击,英国总督欧文寻求妥协,193135日与甘地反复协商后签订《甘地一欧文协定》,殖民政府承认国大党为合法,国大党将结束不合作运动,并派代表参加它曾抵制的英印伦敦圆桌会议。193112月国大党卡拉奇会议通过此协定。第二次不合作运动结束。

 

Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist movement, began the Salt March, a nonviolent protest against British rule that brought him international attention.

 

1940

芬兰与苏联签署和平条约

 

芬兰同意苏联的和平条款,包括割让卡累利阿西部和在汉科半岛建造苏联海军基地,以结束俄芬兰战争。

 

编者??现在有人建议乌克兰????????也采取类似的协议,乌克兰不干。编者??

Finland agreed to Soviet peace terms, including the cession of western Karelia and the construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko Peninsula, to end the Russo-Finnish War.

 

1947

杜鲁门主义发表

 

1947312日,杜鲁门在国会两院联席会议上宣读了一篇咨文,攻击苏联是极权国家,要求国会批准向希腊和土耳其提供4亿美元的紧急援助,以抵制极权政体强加于它们的种种侵犯行动。  杜鲁门提出的这项政策后来被称为杜鲁门主义。它是美国对外政策的一大转折点。过去美国把苏联称为盟国,只是在一些具体问题上攻击苏联。现在,杜鲁门公开宣布苏联是美国的主要敌人。杜鲁门主义是美苏冷战正式开始的重要标志。

 

Truman Doctrine pronounced

On this day in 1947, U.S. President Harry S. Truman articulated what became known as the Truman Doctrine when he asked Congress to appropriate aid for Greece and Turkey, both of which were facing communist threats.

 

1995

中国“长寿之王”龚来发去世

 

龚来发(1862年-1995312日),务川茅天人,仡佬族,中国长寿之王18623月出生在务川石龙安家坨,半岁时,因家贫,父亲无力养活他,被送给茅天大帮岭向老二做儿子。龚来发一生务农,未婚。他不喝酒,不服药,爱吸土烟,他的竹烟杆已陪伴他100多年了。在1993年老人节举办的中国百岁寿星排座次的活动中,他以131岁的高龄,荣获中国长寿之王的称号,为他颁发了证书和金座椅奖杯。1995312日,龚来发在出生地去世,终年133岁。

 

编者??报道此人生于1862年,享年133岁;也有报道他生于1848年,那就是享年147岁。 记得清朝那时候那时候内地都户籍制度混乱,何况少数民族地区?不知道这事有多么可靠。

西方有记录和验证最长的人类女性寿命是法国的Jeanne Calment1875-1997),她活到122岁零164天。经过调查和考证男人最长的寿命是日本的木村二郎门(1897-2013),他活到116岁零54天。

编者??

 

1999

波兰、匈牙利、捷克加入北约

 

北大西洋公约组织(北约)是194944日北大西洋公约(也称为华盛顿条约)建立的军事联盟,旨在与第二次世界大战后驻扎在中欧和东欧的苏联军队制衡。其原始成员是比利时、加拿大、丹麦、法国、冰岛、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、英国和美国。加入原始签署国的有希腊和土耳其(1952年);西德(1955年;1990年为德国);西班牙(1982年);捷克共和国、匈牙利和波兰(1999年);保加利亚、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克和斯洛文尼亚(2004年);阿尔巴尼亚和克罗地亚(2009年);黑山(2017年);北马其顿(2020年);芬兰(2023年);和瑞典(2024年)。法国于1966年退出了北约的综合军事指挥部,但仍然是该组织的成员;它于2009年恢复了在北约军事指挥部的地位。

 

编者??这就是引起俄罗斯????????极为不安的“北约东扩“。编者??

 

ceremony-accession-Poland-Hungary-Czech-Republic-Brussels-March-16-1999.jpg.webp

Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic became members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) shortly before the group's 50th anniversary.

 

2003

世界卫生组织警报SARS

 

世界卫生组织(WHO)发布了一份全球健康警报,这是当时十年来的首次警报之一,涉及一种后来被称为严重急性呼吸系统综合征(SARS)的疾病,在中国、香港和越南袭击了数百人。

 

The World Health Organization (WHO) issued a worldwide health alert, one of the first in a decade, regarding an illness it later called severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that struck hundreds of people in China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam.

 

2009

美国金融史上最大的庞氏骗局曝光

 

美国对冲基金投资经理Bernie Madoff承认了与他实施庞氏骗局有关的各种罪行,该骗局是世界上最大的骗局之一;他被判处150年监禁。

 

编者????庞氏骗局、欺诈和非法投资操作,承诺以风险很小或没有风险获得快速、轻松和可观的投资回报。庞氏骗局是一种金字塔式的传销,在金字塔顶端的运营商收购一小群投资者,最初通过从第二组投资者那里获得的资金获得巨大的投资回报。第二组反过来用从第三组投资者那里获得的资金支付,以此类推,直到潜在投资者的数量耗尽,计划崩溃。随着计划的进展,运营商可以挪用部分传入的投资,或者等到业务即将崩溃后再带着资金潜逃。

 

尽管历史学家认为庞氏骗局早在17世纪就存在,但该骗局是以美国人Carlo Ponzi命名的,Carlo Ponzi是一名美国意大利移民,他在1919-20年用出售欧洲邮票的计划骗取了数千名新英格兰居民的数百万美元。Ponzi最初收购了一小群投资者,并承诺在90天内将投资翻一番。随着所谓的快速致富投资机会的传播,庞氏的投资者库扩大了,使他能够在很短的时间内筹集大量资金——有一次,他在短短三小时内筹集了100万美元——从而保持了投资者的信任。然而,在九个月内,庞氏的计划就崩溃了。虽然他的全部投资只有价值30美元的邮票,但他最终用他的计划骗取了数千名投资者的大约1500万美元。Ponzi1920年被捕,被指控犯有多项欺诈和盗窃罪,并被判入狱。编者????

 

American hedge-fund investment manager Bernie Madoffpled guilty to various crimes related to his operation of a Ponzi scheme that was one of the largest in the world; he was sentenced to 150 years in prison.

 

Ponzi scheme, fraudulent and illegal investment operation that promises quick, easy, and significant returns on investments with little or no risk. A Ponzi scheme is a type of pyramid scheme in which the operator, at the pyramid’s top, acquires a small group of investors that is initially provided with tremendous investment returns via funds secured from a second group of investors. The second group, in turn, is paid with funds obtained from a third group of investors, and so on until the number of potential investors is exhausted and the scheme collapses. The operator may either appropriate a portion of incoming investments as the scheme progresses or wait until the operation is about to collapse before absconding with the funds.

Although historians believe variations of the Ponzi scheme existed as early as the 17th century, the scheme was named for Carlo Ponzi, an Italian immigrant to the United States who scammed thousands of New England residents out of millions of dollars in 1919–20 with his plan to sell European postage stamps. Ponzi initially acquired a small group of investors with the promise of doubling their investments within 90 days. As word of the supposed get-rich-quick investment opportunity spread, Ponzi’s pool of investors expanded, allowing him to raise significant amounts of money in very short periods of time—in one instance, he raised $1 million in only three hours—and thus maintain the trust of his investors. Within nine months, however, Ponzi’s scheme had collapsed. Although his entire investment had amounted to only $30 worth of stamps, he ultimately defrauded thousands of investors out of approximately $15 million with his scheme. Ponzi was arrested in 1920 and charged with multiple counts of fraudand larceny and sentenced to prison.

Ponzi was by no means the last to effect the scheme. More recently, in 2007 Chinese businessman Wang Fengyou, founder of Yilishen Tianxi Group, was arrested on charges of “instigating social unrest” after angry victims of his ant-farming scheme, which allegedly conned an estimated one million people out of more than $1 billion, mobbed government offices in protest. In 2008 David Murcia Guzmán, founder of the now-defunct Colombian financial group D.M.G. Grupo Holding SA (DMG), was arrested and charged with money laundering for operating a prepaid-debit-card scheme that purportedly robbed investors of more than $1 billion; several others were later arrested and charged in connection with the scheme. In the same year, Bernie Madoff, a former chairman of the NASDAQ stock exchange and founder and chairman of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, was charged with fraud for operating a Ponzi scheme that allegedly defrauded investors out of some $50 billion. In March 2009 he pleaded guilty to 11 charges of fraud and money laundering, and in June he was sentenced to 150 years in prison.




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