1. Is there any chance that my hu*****and's priority date could become current early enough to help me? I know the chance is very remote.
Not likely from the current VB. But no one knows what kind of new immigration laws will pass to favor advanced degree holders.
2. Is it legal for my employer to ask about the green card status of my hu*****and? Should we have our privacy in that regard?
Did HR ask this out of context? Why your HR didn't ask your green card status instead?
Theorically only law enforcement can ask your immigration status, but you immigarion attorney asks that too.
3. How should I respond to HR? Should I just say that his application will be submitted once his date becomes current without giving out the specific date?
You have no obligation to tell HR your spouse's green card status. I think your HR wants to help. If you want your HR to start your own application, better tell them your hu*****and is not able to file i485 before your H1B expiration. Again, you don't have to.
4. If other people currently in my position do not all have master's degree, can my employer not post my position requiring a master's degree?
It's up to the employer, and an employer does not have obligation to sponsor green card.
