历史回顾: 1967年香港暴乱, 英国驻港军警枪杀51人, 伤832人, 4979人被捕, 1936人被判刑, 港英政府实施戒严

 

 

 

 

 

The Hong Kong 1967 riots were large-scale riots between pro-communists and their sympathisers, and the Hong Kong government.

While originating as a minor labour dispute, the tensions later grew into large scale demonstrations against British colonial rule. Demonstrators clashed violently with the Hong Kong Police Force. Instigated by events in the People's Republic of China (PRC), leftists called for massive strikes and organised demonstrations, while the police stormed many of the leftists' strongholds and placed their active leaders under arrest. The colonial government banned leftist publications and closed leftist schools, and leftists retaliated by planting decoy and real bombs in the city. Several pro-Beijing protesters were beaten to death by police, and leftists murdered some members of the press who voiced their opposition to their cause.^[2]

Contents

• 1Tensions
• 2Outbreak of violence
• 3The height of the violence
• 4Aftermath
  • 4.1Casualties
  • 4.21960s leftist groups
  • 4.3New leftist groups and legacy
  • 4.4Social reforms
• 5Legacy
• 6HK Police revisionism controversy
• 7Depiction in the media
• 8See also
• 9References
• 10Further reading
• 11External links

Tensions[edit]

The initial demonstrations and riots were labour disputes that began as early as May 1967 in shipping, taxi, textile, cement companies and in particular the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, where there were 174 pro-communist trade unionists.^[3] The unions that took up the cause were all members of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions with strong ties to Beijing.^[4]

The political climate was tense in Hong Kong in the spring of 1967. To the north of the British colony's border, the PRC was in turmoil. Red Guards carried out purges and engaged in infighting, while riots sponsored by pro-Communist leftists erupted in the Portuguese colony of Macau, to the west of Hong Kong, in December 1966.

Despite the intervention of the Portuguese army, order was not restored to Macau; and after a general strike in January 1967, the Portuguese government agreed to meet many of the leftist demands, placing the colony under the de facto control of the PRC.^[5] The tension in Hong Kong was heightened by the ongoing Cultural Revolution to the north. Up to 31 protests were held.^[6]

Outbreak of violence[edit]

In May, a labour dispute broke out in a factory producing artificial flowers in San Po Kong.^[7][8]

Picketing workers clashed with management, and riot police were called in on 6 May. In violent clashes between the police and the picketing workers, 21 workers were arrested; many more were injured. Representatives from the union protested at police stations, but were themselves also arrested.^{[citation needed]}

The next day, large-scale demonstrations erupted on the streets of Hong Kong. Many of the pro-communist demonstrators carried Little Red Books in their left hands and shouted communist slogans. The Hong Kong Police Force engaged with the demonstrators and arrested another 127 people.^[9] A curfew was imposed and all police forces were called into duty.^[10]

In the PRC, newspapers praised the leftists' activities, calling the British colonial government's actions "fascist atrocities".^[11]

On 22 August, in Beijing, thousands of people demonstrated outside the office of the British chargé d'affaires, before Red Guards attacked and ransacked the main building, and then burned it down.^[12]

In Hong Kong's Central District, large loudspeakers were placed on the roof of the Bank of China Building, broadcasting pro-communist rhetoric and propaganda, prompting the British authorities to retaliate by putting larger speakers blaring out Cantonese opera.^[10] Posters were put up on walls with slogans like "Blood for Blood", "Stew the White-Skinned Pig", "Fry The Yellow Running Dogs", "Down With British Imperialism" and "Hang David Trench", a reference to the then Governor.^[13] Students distributed newspapers carrying information about the disturbances and pro-communist rhetoric to the public.^{[citation needed]}

On 16 May, the leftists formed the Hong Kong and Kowloon Committee for Anti-Hong Kong British Persecution Struggle.^[14] Yeung Kwong of the Federation of Trade Unions was appointed as its chairman. The Committee organised and coordinated a series of large demonstrations. Hundreds of supporters from 17 different leftist organisations demonstrated outside Government House, chanting communist slogans.^[15] At the same time, many workers took strike action, with Hong Kong's transport services being particularly badly disrupted.^{[citation needed]}

More violence erupted on 22 May, with another 167 people being arrested. The rioters began to adopt more sophisticated tactics, such as throwing stones at police or vehicles passing by, before retreating into leftist "strongholds" such as newspaper offices, banks or department stores once the police arrived.^{[citation needed]}

The height of the violence[edit]

On 8 July, several hundred demonstrators from the PRC, including members of the People's Militia, crossed the frontier at Sha Tau Kok and attacked the Hong Kong Police, of whom five were shot dead and eleven injured in the brief exchange of fire.^[16] The People's Daily in Beijing ran editorials supporting the leftist struggle in Hong Kong; rumours that the PRC was preparing to take over control of the colony began to circulate. The leftists tried in vain to organise a general strike; attempts to persuade the ethnic Chinese serving in the police to join the pro-communist movement were equally unsuccessful.

The British Hong Kong Government imposed emergency regulations, granting the police special powers in an attempt to quell the unrest. Leftists newspapers were banned from publishing; leftist schools were shut down; many leftist leaders were arrested and detained, and some of them were later deported to the PRC.

The leftists retaliated by planting more bombs. Real bombs, mixed with even more decoys, were planted throughout the city. Normal life was severely disrupted and casualties began to rise. An eight-year-old girl, Wong Yee Man, and her two-year-old brother, Wong Siu Fan, were killed by a bomb wrapped like a gift placed outside their residence.^[17] Bomb disposal experts from the police and the British forces defused as many as 8000 home-made bombs, of which 1100 were found to be real.^[18] These were known as "pineapple" bombs.^[19][1]

On 19 July, leftists set up barbed wire defences on the 20-storey Bank of China Building (owned by the PRC government).^[20]

In response, the police fought back and raided leftist strongholds, including Kiu Kwan Mansion.^[19] In one of the raids, helicopters from HMS Hermes – a Royal Navy aircraft carrier – landed police on the roof of the building.^[21] Upon entering the building, the police discovered bombs and weapons, as well as a leftist "hospital" complete with dispensary and an operating theatre.^[9]

The public outcry against the violence was widely reported in the media, and the leftists again switched tactics. On 24 August, Lam Bun, a popular anti-leftist radio commentator, was murdered by a death squad posing as road maintenance workers as he drove to work with his cousin; prevented from getting out of his car, he was burned alive.^[22]

Other prominent figures of the media who had voiced opposition against the riots were also threatened, including Louis Cha, then chairman of the Ming Pao newspaper, who left Hong Kong for almost a year before returning.

The waves of bombings did not subside until October 1967. In December, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai ordered the leftist groups in Hong Kong to stop all bombings; and the riots in Hong Kong finally came to an end. The disputes in total lasted 18 months.^[23]

It became known much later that, during the riots, the commander of PLA's Guangzhou Military Region Huang Yongsheng (one of Lin Biao's top allies) secretly suggested invading and occupying Hong Kong, but his plan was vetoed by Zhou Enlai.^[24]

Aftermath[edit]

Casualties[edit]

By the time the rioting subsided at the end of the year, 51 people had been killed, of whom 15 died in bomb attacks, with 832 people sustaining injuries, while 4979 people were arrested and 1936 convicted.^[9] Millions of dollars in property damage resulted from the rioting, far in excess of that reported during the 1956 riot.^[23] Confidence in the colony's future declined among some sections of Hong Kong's populace, and many residents sold their properties and migrated overseas.