为什么普通人找不到、拿不住好公司?重读巴菲特1977年“总纲”里的四个铁律

来源: 2026-02-13 18:14:01 [博客] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读:

在投资的世界里,我们往往高估了“勤奋”的作用,而低估了“体系”的力量。每天盯着K线,频繁切换赛道,试图抓住每一个热点……这或许是大多数投资者的常态。但巴菲特却说:“近乎懒惰的无所事事,是我们投资风格的基石。” 这种“懒惰”背后,实际上是一套严谨、科学的筛选系统。

 

早在1977年的致股东信中,巴菲特就写下了他评估企业的“总纲”。此后的50年,无论市场如何变幻,他都在不断修补和验证这套框架。

 

核心哲学:"We select our marketable equity securities in much the same way we would evaluate a business for acquisition in its entirety. We want the business to be one: (1) that we can understand; (2) with favorable long-term prospects; (3) operated by honest and competent people; and (4) available at a very attractive price."

“我们选择可上市流通证券的方式,与我们评估收购一家整体企业的方式基本相同。我们希望这家企业符合以下标准:(1) 是我们能够理解的;(2) 具有良好的长期前景;(3) 由诚实且能干的人经营;(4) 并且价格非常有吸引力。” —— 1977年致股东信(总纲)

 

1、投资的开始是放弃,“三栏分类法” (The Three Baskets)

在进行任何深度分析之前,巴菲特使用一种极简的分类法来排除噪音。

"Lethargy bordering on sloth remains the cornerstone of our investment style: We do not get paid for activity, just for being right."

“近乎懒惰的无所事事即使是我们投资风格的基石:我们不因行动而获得报酬,只因做对而获得报酬。” —— 1990年致股东信

绝大多数投资机会应该在几秒钟内被扔掉。

  1. In(可投资):极少数。

  2. Out(不可投资):绝大多数。

  3. Too Hard(太难)最大的一栏

巴菲特: "We don't have to be smarter than the rest. We have to be more disciplined than the rest." (我们不必比别人更聪明,但我们必须比别人更自律。)

 

2、定性分析的“四个阶段” (The Four Filters)

 

2.1 可知性滤网:界定边界 (Understandability)

  • 1977年总纲:"That we can understand" (是我们能够理解的)

  • 1996年致股东信(关于能力圈的定义):

    "What an investor needs is the ability to correctly evaluate selected businesses. Note that word 'selected': You don't have to be an expert on every company, or even many. You only have to be able to evaluate companies within your circle of competence. The size of that circle is not very important; knowing its boundaries, however, is vital."

    “投资者需要的是能够正确评估选定企业的能力。请注意‘选定’这个词:你不需要成为每家公司的专家,甚至不需要懂很多公司。你只需要能够评估你能力圈范围内的公司。这个圈子的大小并不重要;但清楚地知道它的边界,至关重要。”

  • 1999年致股东信(关于创新的风险):

    "Our problem is that we do not know how to evaluate the long-term economics of these [tech] businesses... We will never buy anything we don't think we understand."

    “我们的问题在于,我们不知道如何评估这些[科技]企业的长期经济状况……我们永远不会买入任何我们认为自己不了解的东西。”

 

2.2 护城河与前景滤网:空间与壁垒 (Moat & Prospects)

  • 1977年总纲:"With favorable long-term prospects" (具有良好的长期前景)

  • 1991年致股东信(关于“特许经营权”的终极定义):

    "An economic franchise arises from a product or service that: (1) is needed or desired; (2) is thought by its customers to have no close substitute and; (3) is not subject to price regulation."

    “一个经济特许经营权(Franchise)产生于具有以下特征的产品或服务:(1) 被需要或渴望;(2) 在客户眼中没有紧密的替代品;(3) 不受价格管制。(注:这三点是定性分析的核心清单。)

  • 2007年致股东信(关于“护城河”):

    "A truly great business must have an enduring 'moat' that protects excellent returns on invested capital... We want a business with a moat that is formidable and a castle that is guarded by a lord (manager) who makes the moat wider."

    “一家真正伟大的企业必须拥有一条持久的‘护城河’……我们要找的是那种拥有宽阔护城河的生意,以及一位能让护城河变得更宽的城堡守护者。”

  • 定性判据:

    • 商品型业务 (Commodity Business): 巴菲特在1991年信中警告:"Businesses in industries with both substantial overcapacity and a 'commodity' product (undifferentiated by brand or other factors) are prime candidates for profitless prosperity." (产能过剩且产品同质化的行业是“无利润繁荣”的首选。)

 

2.3 管理层滤网:资本配置者 (Stewardship)

  • 1977年总纲:"Operated by honest and competent people" (由诚实且能干的人经营)

  • 1989年致股东信(关于“机构强制力”):

    "My most surprising discovery: the overwhelming importance in business of an unseen force that we might call 'the institutional imperative.' ... [It is] the tendency of executives to mindlessly imitate the behavior of their peer companies, no matter how foolish or damaging to shareholders."

    “我最惊讶的发现是……‘机构强制力’具有压倒性的重要性。这就是高管们倾向于盲目模仿同行行为的趋势,无论这种行为多么愚蠢或对股东有多大伤害。”

  • 1987年致股东信(关于“资本配置”的重要性):

    "The heads of many companies are not skilled in capital allocation. Their inadequacy is not surprising... [but] in the end, capital allocation is the CEO's job."

    “许多公司的领导者并不擅长资本配置。他们的不称职并不令人惊讶……[但]归根结底,资本配置是CEO的工作。”

  • 定性判据:

    • CEO是否理性地回购股票?(只在股价低于内在价值时回购)

    • CEO是否能抵御盲目并购的冲动?

 

2.4 估值滤网:为成长定价 (Valuation & Growth Pricing)

  • 1977年总纲:"Available at a very attractive price" (价格非常有吸引力)

  • 1989年致股东信(关于“合理价格”的进化):

    "It's far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price than a fair company at a wonderful price."

    “以合理的价格买下一家伟大的公司,远比以极好的价格买下一家平庸的公司要好得多。”

  • 1992年致股东信(关于“成长与价值”的辩证):

    "Growth is always a component in the calculation of value, constituting a variable whose importance can range from negligible to enormous and whose impact can be negative as well as positive."

    成长始终是价值计算中的一个组成部分,它是一个变量,其重要性可以从微不足道到巨大无比,其影响既可以是正面的,也可以是负面的。”

  • 2000年致股东信(关于“伊索寓言”与估值本质):

    "The formula for valuing a business is the same as for valuing a bird in the hand: The oracle was Aesop and his enduring, though somewhat incomplete, investment insight was 'a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.' To flesh out this principle, you must answer only three questions: How certain are you that there are indeed birds in the bush? When will they emerge and how many will there be? What is the risk-free interest rate?"

    “评估企业价值的公式与评估‘手中之鸟’是一样的:神谕来自伊索,他那不朽但略显不完整的投资洞见是‘一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林’。 为了完善这一原则,你只需回答三个问题:你多大程度上确定林子里确实有鸟?它们何时出现,会有多少?无风险利率是多少?”

 

1977年,巴菲特写下这四大标准时,并没有用什么复杂的数学模型。

(1) 能够理解;(2) 前景良好;(3) 管理层靠谱;(4) 价格诱人。

这看似简单的四句话,其实是一套反人性的“减法系统”。它迫使你承认自己的无知,克制自己的冲动,并在此基础上,耐心地等待那只“林子里的鸟”。

投资到最后,拼的不是智商,而是日复一日的、近乎枯燥的坚守和克制。尤其在当下,市场有再次进入狂热的迹象,即将遍地是股神的时候,是时候重温巴菲特的四大标准了。