榮赫鵬
英國與俄國間的「大博弈」持續至世紀之交。俄國在興都庫什山脈擴張與俄國在西藏的存在的謠言，促使印度總督——寇松勳爵，在1902至1904年間任命當時的少校榮赫鵬為英國的邊務專員。1903至1904年，在寇松的命令下，榮赫鵬與駐錫金政治專員約翰·克勞德·懷特一起領導三千餘人的軍隊入侵西藏，其表面上的目的是解決錫金—西藏邊界問題，而其真正目的是使西藏成為英國與俄國之間的緩衝地區。英軍在古若村外屠殺了攔路的藏軍，在江孜宗山遇到藏軍的激烈抵抗。攻陷江孜後，英軍進而佔領拉薩，與噶廈等官員簽訂了《拉薩條約》。
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/荣赫鹏#喜马拉雅与登山
In 1903, Curzon appointed Younghusband as the head of the Tibet Frontier Commission; John Claude White, the political officer of Sikkim, and E. C. Wilton, served as his deputy commissioners in the commission.[15] Younghusband subsequently led the British expedition to Tibet, which had the putative aim of settling disputes over the Sikkim–Tibet border, but eventually exceeded instructions from Younghusband's superiors and became a de facto invasion. Roughly 100 miles (160 km) inside Tibet, on the way to Gyantse, thence to the capital of Lhasa, Younghusband's troops defeated 600–700 Tibetan troops near the hamlet of Guru. The expedition's troops, equipped with rifles and machine guns, easily routed the poorly-equipped Tibetan forces, who were armed with hoes, swords, and flintlocks.
