供大家讨论：“法西斯认为自由民主已经过时，一党集权才能调动社会资源有效对抗经济危机或武力冲突”

来源: 互联网于 2017-01-08 06:47:52 [档案] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读：次 (5297 bytes)

藿香紫的博客: 老债王将特朗普和法西斯主义相提并论

2017-01-07

老债王Bill Gross在接受彭博社采访时，被问及特朗普的经济政策，Gross 依据特朗普的推特言论昭示的政策导向，将特朗普与墨索里尼的法西斯主义相提并论。主持人嗅到火药味，追问Gross是否认为特朗普推行某种形势的法西斯主义。Gross回应他岂敢给特朗普贴法西斯主义标签，但特朗普对企业单挑，施行恐吓等手段，让他想起历史上的过去（即墨索里尼）。

老债王虽然在基金管理上今非昔比，但仍是资深老江湖，对资本市场运作和经济周转有深入的观察和认识。他长期批评美联储的零利率政策，针砭时弊，直言不讳。老债王嗅觉敏锐，指出特朗普的政策非常类比法西斯，实在是警世箴言。

什么是法西斯主义？很多人将法西斯主义和希特勒直接联系起来，并将种族清洗，集权等作为法西斯主义的主要元素。根据维基百科（英文版），法西斯主义起源于意大利，在第一次世界大战中兴起，由墨索里尼推动。法西斯主义反对自由主义，马克思主义和无政府主义，强调政府集权，直接调动全国人力和经济资源，为国家服务。在此宗旨下，政权有空前的权利直接干预公民的个人行为。

法西斯认为自由民主已经过时，一党集权才能调动社会资源有效对抗经济危机或武力冲突。这样的体系由强人领袖领导，通常是独裁者或军政府首脑，来实现国家统一和稳定。暴力是法西斯主义的执政手段之一。法西斯主义鼓吹混合经济体制，主张保护主义和政府干预。

维基百科的英文概要节录如下，

Fascism /?fæ??z?m/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism[1][2] that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe, influenced by national syndicalism. Fascism originated in Italy during World War I and spread to other European countries. Fascism opposes liberalism, Marxism and anarchism and is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4]

Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.[5][6]

Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete, and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties.[7] Such a state is led by a strong leader—such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party—to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society.[7] Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation.[8][9][10][11] Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.[12]

根据对法西斯主义的这一综述，法西斯主义有很强的经济目标，其政治手段是为经济目标服务的。这一点在电视剧和常见舆论文章往往被忽略。（如果仔细对照法西斯主义的定义，现在某大国其实就是在推行彻头彻尾的法西斯主义）

特朗普为什么有法西斯主义之嫌哪？他连续单挑个别公司，从Carrier，波音，到福特，丰田，通过恐吓，而不是推动有法可依的经济政策，如此行为充满法西斯主义的影子，即强人领袖直接干预经济行为，公民权利受践踏。

尽管对特朗普的反对声音很多，但像老债王这样直言不讳，实属难得。

作者：藿香子

时间：2017年1月7日