2016-12-04 知社 知社学术圈
11月30日，忧国忧民科学家联盟(Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS)发表致川普及美国下一届国会公开信，就科技及政策对美国新政权提出四点要求。2300余名科学家签名，包括11位美国国家科学奖章得主，22位诺奖得主，和许多院士。如David Baltimore，前加州理工学院校长； Lewis Branscomb，前IBM首席科学家(Chief Scientist)和尼克松手下的美国国家标准局局长；和James MaCarthy，前美国科学促进会主席; Steven Weinburg，著名理论物理学家，标准模型创始人之一；和Wolfgang Ketterle，波色爱因斯坦凝聚的发现人之一。 知社在此为您介绍公开信背景，并附中英文公开信全文，供大家参考。 点击文末阅读原文，可以获取公开信英文PDF，88位德高望重签名科学家名单，以及2300多位签名科学家名单。
忧国忧民科学家联盟(Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS)成立于1969年，由麻省理工学院的老师和学生发起创立，创始人是物理学家Henry W. Kendall (下图右），1990年与Friedman （中）及Taylor （左）荣获诺贝尔物理学奖：
for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
UCS的成立于上世纪60年代末美国社会的反战运动与环境觉醒，源自科学家的社会责任感，因此一直保持着高度的政治敏感。这次美国总统大选，川普当选总统，美国学界反应强烈，麻省理工学院500多名教工发表了公开信，质疑川普内阁官员人选。而UCS也没有置身于外，发表了2300余名科学家联署的公开信，包括11位美国国家科学奖章得主和22位诺奖得主。与麻省理工公开信不同，USC这份公开信，更关注与科学及科学在政策制定中的作用。
致川普当选总统和第115届国会的公开信
An Open Letter to President-Elect Trump and the 115th Congress
科学技术在美国的繁荣富强、在提升美国乃至世界人民的健康与福祉之中发挥了至关重要的作用。从疾病爆发、到气候变化、到国家安全，到技术革新，当我们国家的政策受到科学的指引，而免遭政治或者财团的不当影响时，我们的人民百姓都深受其益。
Scientific knowledge has played a critical role in making the United States a powerful and prosperous nation and improving the health and well-being of Americans and people around the world. From disease outbreaks to climate change to national security to technology innovation, people benefit when our nation’s policies are informed by science unfettered by inappropriate political or corporate influence.
为延续这一传统，并让科学惠及所有的人民，包括那一些被淡忘和遗弃的美国人民，联邦政府必须支持和依赖科学，将其作为指引公共政策制定的关键因素。政策制定人和公众都需要获取高质量科学信息的渠道，以服务大众利益。这就要求国会和川普政权采取必要措施，强化科学在政策制定之中的作用。
To build on this legacy and extend the benefits of science to all people, including Americans who have been left behind, the federal government must support and rely on science as a key input for crafting public policy. Policy makers and the public alike require access to high-quality scientific information to serve the public interest. There are several actions Congress and the Trump administration should take to strengthen the role that science plays in policy making.
首先，创造强大而又开放的科学文化需要从顶层设计开始。联邦机构应当由那些具有卓越历史记录、尊重科学、将科学视为决策的关键因素的的官员领导。而且，意识到多元化让科学更为强大，政府官员应该欢迎并鼓励各个阶层的科学家，无论其宗教背景、人种、性别、和性取向。
First, creating a strong and open culture of science begins at the top. Federal agencies should be led by officials with demonstrated track records of respecting science as a critical component of decision making. Further, recognizing that diversity makes science stronger, administration officials should welcome and encourage all scientists regardless of religious background, race, gender, or sexual orientation.
其次，国会和川普政权应当保证根基性的公共健康和环境法规 -- 比如清洁空气法案和频危物种法案 -- 保持其强有力的科学基础，而且各个机构能够自由收集科学数据，并以此为基准有效执行法律所赋予的责任。他们也应当保护政府外提供科学咨询的民间人士的独立性。
Second, Congress and the Trump administration should ensure our nation’s bedrock public health and environmental laws—such as the Clean Air Act and the Endangered Species Act—retain a strong scientific foundation, and that agencies are able to freely collect and draw upon scientific data to effectively carry out statutory responsibilities established by these laws. They should also safeguard the independence of those outside the government who provide scientific advice.
第三，在应对当前和突发的公共健康和环境威胁时，国会和川普政权应当坚持科学的公正性和独立性。政策制定人和公众需要了解所有的的科学证据，而不只是利益集团希望大家了解的那一部分。联邦政府资助的科学家必须能自由地发展并分享他们的科学发现，而不受基于政治或者意识形态的审查和操控。这些科学家应当免遭可能被报复的威胁和恐惧，能够自由地行使如下职责：
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开展工作，免遭政治或者民间势力的干涉；
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与国会、公众及同行坦诚交流他们的科学发现；
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发表研究成果，有意义地参与科学共同体；
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揭发误导、审查以及其他滥用科学的行为；
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确保来自政府的科技资讯是准确的。
Third, Congress and the Trump administration should adhere to high standards of scientific integrity and independence in responding to current and emerging public health and environmental threats. Decision makers and the public need to know what the best-available scientific evidence is, not what vested interests might wish it to be. Federally funded scientists must be able to develop and share their findings free from censorship or manipulation based on politics or ideology. These scientists should, without fear of reprisal or retaliation, have the freedom and responsibility to:
conduct their work without political or private-sector interference
candidly communicate their findings to Congress, the public, and their scientific peers
publish their work and participate meaningfully in the scientific community
disclose misrepresentation, censorship, and other abuses of science
ensure that scientific and technical information coming from the government is accurate
最后，国会和川普政权应当提供充足的资源，保证科学家能够开展研究，福及公众，并高效、透明地履行各科研机构的使命。其后果非常真实：没有这样的投入，孩子们会更容易受到铅的毒害、更多的人会遭受不安全的药物和医疗器械，而我们也会在限制极端气候和升高海平面的影响方面，缺乏准备。
Finally, Congress and the Trump administration should provide adequate resources to enable scientists to conduct research in the public interest and effectively and transparently carry out their agencies’ missions. The consequences are real: without this investment, children will be more vulnerable to lead poisoning, more people will be exposed to unsafe drugs and medical devices, and we will be less prepared to limit the impacts of increasing extreme weather and rising seas.
这些步骤，对于创造一个繁荣的科学界、使我们的民主社会更加强大、让科学的成果福及全体国民乃至世界，是必须的。科学共同体期待与川普政权和国会进行富有建设性的交流与合作，也做好准备密切观察其言行。我们将继续推动强化科学在政策制定中的作用，并随时准备与任何可能损害其作用的人做斗争，使其承担应有的后果。
These steps are necessary to create a thriving scientific enterprise that will strengthen our democracy and bring the full fruits of science to all Americans and the world. The scientific community is fully prepared to constructively engage with and closely monitor the actions of the Trump administration and Congress. We will continue to champion efforts that strengthen the role of science in policy making and stand ready to hold accountable any who might seek to undermine it.
http://www.ucsusa.org/
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