一号男：自恋人格病症：Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder in which
the individual is described as being excessively preoccupied with issues
of personal adequacy, power, prestige and vanity. This condition affects
one percent of the population. First formulated in 1968, it was historically
called megalomania, and it is closely linked to egocentrism.
Symptoms of this disorder include:
Reacting to criticism with anger, shame, or humiliation
Taking advantage of others to reach their own goals
Exaggerating their own importance, achievements, and talents
Imagining unrealistic fantasies of success, beauty, power, intelligence,
or romance
Requiring constant attention and positive reinforcement from others
Becoming jealous easily
Lacking empathy and disregarding the feelings of others
Being obsessed with oneself
Pursuing mainly selfish goals
Trouble keeping healthy relationships
Becoming easily hurt and rejected
Setting goals that are unrealistic
Wanting "the best" of everything
Appearing unemotional
The symptoms of Narcissistic personality disorder can be similar to the
traits of individuals with strong self-esteem and confidence; differentiation
occurs when the underlying psychological structures of these traits are
considered pathological. Narcissists have such an elevated sense of self-worth
that they value themselves as inherently better than others. Yet, they have
a fragile self-esteem and cannot handle criticism, and will often try to
compensate for this inner fragility by belittling or disparaging others
in an attempt to validate their own self-worth. It is this sadistic tendency
that is characteristic of narcissism as opposed to other psychological conditions
affecting level of self-worth.
In children, inflated self-views and grandiose feelings, which are characteristics
of narcissism, are part of the normal self-development. Children typically
cannot understand the difference between their actual and their ideal self,
which causes an unrealistic perception of the self. After about age 8, views
of the self, both positive and negative, begin to develop based on comparisons
of peers, and become more realistic. Two factors that cause self-view to
remain unrealistic are dysfunctional interactions with parents that can
be either excessive attention or a lack thereof. The child will either compensate
for lack of attention or act in terms of unrealistic self-perception.
The Childhood Narcissism Scale (CNS) measurements concluded that narcissistic
children seek to impress others and gain admiration but do not have any
interest in creating sincere friendships. CNS researchers have measured
that childhood narcissism has become more prevalent in Western society;
any types of activities that focus on overly praising the individual can
raise narcissistic levels. More research is needed to find the reasons that
promote or protect against narcissism.
Diagnosis
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition,
DSM IV-TR, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines
narcissistic personality disorder (in Axis II Cluster B) as:
1. A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for
admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present
in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements
and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)
2. Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
3. Believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions)
4. Requires excessive admiration
5. Has a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially
favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations
6. Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others
to achieve his or her own ends
7. Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings
and needs of others
8. Is often envious of others or believes others are envious of him
or her Shows arrogant, haughty behavior or attitudes.
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