是当时负责地震工作“外行领导内行”的部队首长文华拍板的

来源: kevinatridgeland 2008-05-24 15:47:11 [] [博客] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读: 0 次 (16013 bytes)
ZT 关于1975年辽宁海城地震成功预报的一篇文章 由 idoyoudo 发表在HoopChina·汶川地震-抗震救灾 http://nba.hoopchina.com


1975年海城地震前最终得以2月4日上午及时发出临震预警应归功当时负责地震工作“外行领导内行”的部队首长文华果断决策没有听从辽宁省地震局专家的意见!
http://cheniwan.sea3000.net/earthquakeprediction/f16.php
《中国地震信息网》2006年8月8日报道《中-加地震科技合作取得突出进展》:

http://www.csi.ac.cn/lcy/gjhz/gjhz06080801.htm


-- 中国地震局与加拿大自然资源部地质调查局于2002年10月签署了《地震合作研究谅解备忘录》。2004年11月18日,我所陈棋福研究员作为中方项目协调人与加方项目协调人--加拿大自然资源部地质调查局太平洋地学中心王克林研究员又正式签署了"地震前兆研究"的国际合作协议。


-- 经过三年多的努力,双方对1975年海城地震的预报过程进行了认真地回顾性总结研究。他们先后五次赴海城,查阅了大量已解密的文档资料,访问了大批海城地震预报的主要见证人,对海城地震后国外所发表的有关资料,进行了客观科学的整理分析,重现了1975年海城地震预报这一重要历史。


-- 研究表明,海城地震前有两次正式的中期预报,但未正式发布短期预报;地震当天,有一个县政府发布了具体的疏散令,而辽宁省地震工作者和政府官员的行动在实效上也构成了临震预报。上述行为拯救了成千上万的生命,而震区当时的建筑方式和傍晚发震的时间亦有助于减少地震的伤亡。


-- 他们所完成的《预报1975年海城地震》(Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake)的文章,被国际地震研究的顶尖期刊《美国地震学报》(Bulletin Seismology Society of America)特别破例采用,并以第一篇论文的形式发表在2006年6月1日出版的第3期上。长达39页的论文以翔实的资料有效地澄清了国际上近十年来对1975年海城地震成功预报的质疑。


《预报1975年海城地震》(Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake)的作者:

Kelin Wang (kwang@nrcan.gc.ca,Geological Survey of Canada – 加拿大地质调查队);陈琪福(chenqf@seis.ac.cn,中国地震局地震预测研究所第三研究室主任);孙士宏(sunsh@seis.ac.cn,中国地震局台网中心处长);王安东(辽宁省地震局副局长)。


上述调查研究报告及其结论,显然代表了中国地震局对于《预报1975年海城地震》的官方意见。


作为中国地球物理学会天灾预测专业委员会的顾问,以及中国灾害防御协会灾害史研究专业委员会的顾问,本顾问必须强调指出,许多年来“对1975年海城地震成功预报的质疑”来自两个个方面集中在两个问题上,而不是如同调查研究报告所述仅来自“国际上近十年来对1975年海城地震成功预报的质疑”。第二个方面问题的质疑,主要来自国内对于中国地震局与辽宁省地震局1975年长期以来有意抹煞中国地震预测实践研究者,特别是海城地区“群测点”业余地震预测研究者对于海城地震所做的非常成功的中期与短临地震预报的成就。本顾问将另文专题披露与讨论这个问题。


该项调查报告介绍了参与了海城地震预报有关工作的几位军官:华文(Hua Wen),辽宁省革委会高级官员;李伯邱将军(Li Boqiu),辽宁省委副书记等。


调查报告中记录了如下几段重要情况(注:为保证有关重要记录的真实性,下边保留“调查报告”有关段落的英文原文,同时提供本顾问的中译文):


-- Several very small earthquakes in the normally quiet Yingkou-Haicheng area were detected on 1 and 2 February by the Shipengyu Earthquake Observatory, located about 20 km southwest of the future epicenter (Fig. 6). As shown in the provincial Earthquake Office’s log book (Appendix D), these events did not cause any concern. Beginning from the evening of 3 February, there was a surge of earthquake activity in the same area. This burst of seismicity truly alarmed the provincial Earthquake Office. They correctly predicted (Appendix D): “If a large earthquake is to occur, the magnitude of these small events may increase and their occurrence may become more frequent.” By midnight, the Shipengyu observatory had recorded 33 small earthquakes in its log book (6 – 1). All events were estimated to be 20 to 21 km southeast of the observatory (based on Vs–Vp arrival- time difference and the direction of first motion recorded on their short-period three-component seismograph). The magnitude (ML)–time sequence of the more than 500 events, which are now confidently recognized as foreshocks, is shown in Figure 7.

-- 1975年2月1日和2日,位于后来震中区西南大约20公里的石硼峪地震台记录到通常较为平静的营口-海城区域发生了几次很小的地震。辽宁省地震办公室的日志记录反映,这些事件并没有引起什么担心。从2月3日晚上,同一地区急剧集中发生地震活动。突然发生的这次地震活动激起地震办公室的警觉。他们正确地预测(附录D)∶“如果一次强震将要发生,这些小的地震活动的震级可能增强,它们发生的频率也可能更频繁。”半夜时,石硼峪地震台的日志已经记录了33次小震(记录编号6-1)。所有的地震都预计发生在地震台东南方向大约20至21公里处(基于记录到Vs-Vp波的时间差以及他们的短期三分量地震仪收到的第一动作的方向)。500多次地震的震级(ML)—时间序列此时被充分认为是前震(如图7所示)。


(陈一文顾问注:非常显然,促使辽宁省地震局的专家此时认为可能要发生地震的唯一依据是这些前震,其震级与频率。他们对海城地区“群测点”观察的“土地电”、“土应力”前兆信号,毫无认识,至今不懂!)


-- At 0:30, 4 February, after group discussions, Zhu composed the fourteenth issue of Earthquake Information (2 – 15; Appendix E) to explain the situation to the provincial government. Two more issues of Earthquake Information were written and mimeographed at 5:00 and 8:00 a.m., reporting the continuing upward trend of earthquake magnitude. By 8:00 a.m., over 200 events had been recorded, culminating in the largest foreshock of ML 5.1 (MS 4.7) at 7:51 a.m.

-- 1975年2月4日00:30,小组讨论后,朱凤鸣起草了向省政府解释有关情况的第14期《地震信息》(2-15;附录E)。在05:00和08:00又印出两期《地震信息》,报告震级正在继续上升。到上午08:00,总共记录了200多次小震,07:51时最后发生的前震最大达到ML5.1〔Ms4.7〕。


-- The brief fourteenth issue of Earthquake Information was later officially proclaimed as the imminent prediction of the Haicheng earthquake. Although it was not written in a definitive style, by stating that “the magnitudes are still increasing” and “a relatively large earthquake is very likely to follow,” it sent a warning of unprecedented urgency. Similar wording had never been used in previous reports from the provincial Earthquake Office. Zhu brought the brief report to Liu Yimin, the junior RCL official directly responsible for the Earthquake Office. Liu then took Zhu to see Mr. Hua Wen, a Vice Chairman of RCL, at 8:00 a.m.

-- 简要的第14期《地震信息》后来被官方称之为海城地震的临震预测。尽管写的方式并非确定,声称“震级正在进一步增加”以及“一个有较为大的地震非常像要来临”,它发出了没有先例的紧急警告。辽宁省地震办公室过去的报告中从来没有使用过类似的文字。朱凤鸣将这个简要的报告提交给刘益民,省革委会直接负责地震办公室的低层官员。(1975年2月4日)上午08:00,刘益民带着朱凤鸣去见省革委会华文副主任。


-- The former workers of the Liaoning provincial Earthquake Office whom we interviewed in 2004 are unanimouson one point: none of them ever attempted to, or felt they were able to, predict an earthquake to a day. Mr. Zhu Fengming told us that when he wrote “a relatively large earthquake is very likely to follow,” he was “thinking of a time frame of one to two weeks.” However, when they reported the earthquake situation to Mr. Hua Wen in the early morning= of 4 February 1974, Hua Wen felt a much heightenedsense of urgency. To our surprise, it was Hua’s 8:00 a.m. administrative decision that effectively helped to bring about the provincial prediction of the Haicheng earthquake.

-- 2004年,我们采访了辽宁省地震办公室当时的工作人员,有一点看法一致∶他们当中没有人尝试过,或者感觉能够,将发震时间预测到一天之内。朱凤鸣告诉我们,他当时写“一个较大的地震非常像要来临”时,他实际“设想的时间范围为一至两周”。然而,当他们2月4日清晨将有关的震情报告给华文副主任时,华文感受到更高程度的紧急性。令我们惊讶的是,正是华文08:00时做出的行政管理决定有效地帮助做出了省一级对于海城地震的预测。


-- According to an account from the Lianing provincial Earthquake Office (2 – 21) written after the earthquake, when the office staff proposed to dispatch earthquake workers to examine the Yingkou-Haicheng area before arranging emergency response, Hua Wen said: “There may not be enough time for that. You’d better fix a meeting place, and we [RCL] will notify relevant cities and counties to muster there to discuss response measures immediately.”

-- 根据辽宁省地震办公室一位人士震后回顾的有关情况,当办公室工作班子提议先派地震专业人员到营口—海城区域调查,而后再采取紧急反应措施,华文当时说∶“可能没有足够时间这样做。你们最好确定开会的地点,我们〔省革委会〕将通知有关城市和县召集会议讨论立即采取的反应措施。”


-- Following this order, Liu drove to the town of Haicheng with Gu Haoding and a clerical officer of the Earthquake Office Li Fuxiang. They organized an emergency meeting in the Haicheng guesthouse during 14:00–15:30. The meeting was attended by a total of 12 people, including government officials of Haicheng and Yingkou Counties and an officer of a PLA troop that was staying in that area. At the meeting, Li Fuxiang from the provincial Earthquake Office estimated a magnitude of greater than 6 and said “the large earthquake may occur within the next few days” (2 – 21).

-- 执行这个命令,〔省革委会〕刘益民带着顾浩鼎以及省地震办公室的一位工作人员李福祥一起开车去海城市。14:00-15:30,他们在海城市招待所举行紧急会议。共12个人出席了会议,包括海城与营口县的官员以及当地驻军负责人。在会议上,省地震办公室李福祥预计震级大于6,并说“一个强震可能最近几天发生”。


(陈一文顾问注:已经了解了部队首长华文已经十万火急的“可能没有足够时间”意见,地震办公室的一位工作人员李福祥再次提出“一个强震可能最近几天发生”,降低了已经临震的紧迫感!)


-- At 10:30 a.m., while Liu’s trio was driving from Shenyang toward Haicheng, the RCL organized a telephone distribution (see the Provincial Government Documents section for how a telephone distribution worked). The formal RCL announcement (3 – 14) broadcasted in this distribution was brief. It reported the large number of earthquakes, with “the largest being M 4.7,” and slight damage in what was to become the epicentral area. Apparently, by this time, reports of damage caused by the foreshocks had begun to trickle in. The RCL announcement said that “the magnitude is continuing to climb, and the earthquakes are abnormally frequent” and asked all relevant regions to be on high alert.

-- 上午10:30,刘益民等人正在从沈阳开车前往海城期间,省革委会组织了一个电话会议(参看关于“省政府文件”的章节看电话系统如何工作)。通过这次电话会议正式发布的省革委会通告(3-14)很简短。它报告已发生了许多地震,“其中最大的震级为M4.7”,在后来成为震中的地区造成了轻微的破坏。显然,此时,关于前震造成的破坏的报告正在陆续报告上来。省革委会通告说“震级正在上升,地震活动异常频繁”,要求所有有关地区高度警觉。


-- The formal announcement was accompanied by characteristically military-style personal directives from General Li Boqiu. The Yingkou City committee relayed the provincial distribution to the Yingkou County at 11:30 a.m. According to Yingkou County’s telephone records (4 – 10), General Li’s directives contained four points:

-- 与省革委会通告一起发布了李伯求将军军人风格的指示。营口市革委会于11:30将省革委会的指示传达给营口市有关部门。根据营口县的电话记录,李将军的指示共四点∶


1. Determine the scope of the [impending] earthquake. How large will the epicentral area be?

1、确定〔即将来临的〕地震的范围。震中区有多大?


2. Define an alert zone and take emergency measures. Maintain duty and patrol day and night. Those who have unsafe houses should sleep elsewhere.

2、明确一个警戒区并采取紧急措施。白天晚上保持值班和巡逻。房子不安全的人应睡到其它地方。


3. [Committees of] cities, counties, and communes should be on duty. Stand fast at your posts. Report and take actions quickly if there is urgent situation.

3、市、县和公社[革委会]必须值班。坚守工作岗位。发生紧急情况时,及时报告并尽快采取措施。


4. Strengthen guarding of factories, mining structures, reservoirs, bridges, mining tunnel entrances, and high-voltage power lines. Stand fast at your posts. Designate persons for individual posts. Report urgent situation.

4、加强工作、矿山、水库、桥梁、隧道入口,以及高压线路的保卫工作。坚守你们的岗位。安排专人值守岗位。报告紧急情况。


-- It is apparent that in General Li’s mind that (1) the large earthquake would surely occur (“How large will the epicentral area be?”), and (2) it could occur as soon as in the same day (“Those who have unsafe houses should sleep elsewhere.”).

-- 显然,在李将军的头脑中,(1)一个强震肯定将发生〔“震中区有多大?”〕,以及(2)它可能当天就发生〔“房子不安全的人应睡到其它地方。”〕


-- By the afternoon, it became very clear that the foreshocks had caused substantial damage. The provincial Earthquake Office ted the 17th issue of Earthquake Information to the provincial government at 2:00 p.m. (2 – 18, Appendix E). This is an important document, because the serious damages reported in it, such as collapse of gables and chimneys, may in part explain why some communes, brigades, and individuals in the epicentral area made their own evacuation decisions without explicit instructions from higher levels. However, from 1:00 p.m. onward, the foreshock activity dramatically decreased (Fig. 7). This decrease and the cold weather complicated evacuation work.

-- 到下午已经很清楚,前震已经造成了相当的破坏。省地震办公室于下午02:00向省革委会上报了第17号《地震信息》(2-18,附录E)。这是一项重要的文件,因为它对一些严重的破坏进行了报告,如山墙和烟筒倒塌,可能部分解释为什么震中地区的一些公社、大队、个人自己做出了撤离的决定,没有等待向更高层请示就这样做。然而,从下午01:00之后,前震活动显著减少(图7)。这种减少以及寒冷的气候使撤离的工作更加复杂化。

(调查报告节录结束)


显然,如果没有“外行领导内行”的部队首长文华1975年2月4日上午8点显具军人风格的决断“可能没有足够时间这样做”,而是听从辽宁地震局专家“先派地震专业人员到营口—海城区域调查,而后再采取紧急反应措施”,那么省革委会就不可能上午及时通过电话会议发布“省革委会通告说‘震级正在上升,地震活动异常频繁’,要求所有有关地区高度警觉”,反而会像1976年唐山地震临震前当时负责地震预报的梅世蓉那样,“再派地震专业人员到唐山区域调查,再做决定”,酿成唐山大地震灾难后果!


其实,中国地震局的“专家集体”自己也不得不承认这一点。

《南方网》2006-08-03《国家地震局专家为唐山地震漏报辩护》披露:

http://news.21cn.com/today/minsheng/2006/08/03/2672375.shtml


-- 在纪念唐山大地震30周年之际,“地震”一时成为热门话题。7月22日发生在云南省昭通市盐津县的5.1级地震,因“市政府扣压准确预报不传达”的报道,人们在热议地震之时,又平添一股怒气和疑虑。为此,本报约请地震预报专家、官员,回应诸多公众关心的热点问题。受访的人士有的是资深地震预报专家,亲历了唐山大地震的前前后后;有的是身居要职的国家地震局官员,负责目前的地震监测预报工作。(应被访者要求,在此集体以国家地震局专家的身份出现。)


-- 地震预报往往外行立大功


-- 记者:我们知道1975年发生在辽宁海城的7.3级大地震,当地政府在震前3小时及时疏散了民众。在当时的预报水平下,是如何做到的?


-- 专家:今天回过头看,海城地震的预报成功仍有很大的偶然性,它经历了一个长、中、短的预报过程。


-- 很早李四光先生就关注到了郯庐断裂带,在辽宁和山东建立了地震监测机构,到了1973年观测到了一些异常情况,1975年初划定了重点危险区。


-- 在邢台地震发生后,民间曾经总结了一句谚语,叫“小震闹,大震到”,海城地震恰好也是这种类型的地震,先是密集的小震,然后是突然平静下去,再接下去就发生大震。


-- 临震前有一些征兆显露出来,我们马上派队伍到了营口。当时的辽宁省革命委员会一听说有地震,立即拍板,组织疏散民众,紧接着,地震就发生了。


-- 其实,这个时候地震也有不来的可能。我们地震工作者怕看不准,犹犹豫豫,反而外行更敢决策。事实上,直到今天,海城地震算不算成功的预报仍有争议,有些科学家认为它的资料零乱、证据不全。


-- 记者:但是外行的果断决策避免了重大伤亡,有文章称,否则至少有10万人死于那场地震。


-- 专家:应该说,当时比现在更好决策,因为算的只是政治账,不怕交学费,报了不来就不来,不考虑经济损失。现在不一样,如果在上海这样的城市要大规模疏散一次民众,可能要损失上百亿元。



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回复:是当时负责地震工作“外行领导内行”的部队首长文华拍板的 -hello2006hello- 给 hello2006hello 发送悄悄话 (5 bytes) () 05/25/2008 postreply 07:37:30

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