简单给你说说美国的医保吧：
A，公共福利医保， 譬如Medicare， Medicaid.
1， Medicare， is the federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD). Medicare有四个部分to help cover specific services；
BTW, if people are under age 65, they will qualify for Medicare.
Medicare是一种 contributory的公共福利，因为payment for plan deducted from monthly individual social security check; 但是does not pay full cost of certain services. 所以Supplemental insurance is encouraged;
Medicare 中的 Medicare MCO， managed care plans are HMOs or PPOs that provide basic Medicare coverage plus other coverage to fill the gaps in Medicare coverage.
2, Medicaid， is a social health care program for families and individuals with low income and limited resources. The Health Insurance Association of America describes Medicaid as a "government insurance program for persons of all ages whose income and resources are insufficient to pay for health care." 据统计， 大部分的钱用于贫穷的孕妇和贫穷的孩子。
Medicaid是一种noncontributory 的公共福利, Individual states determine edibility and benefits。
见图：
B，公司及私人保险，根据年龄或需求， 有很多选择， 从大的plan来说， 一般有：
1. EPO (Exclusive Provider Organization) plan。 As a member of an EPO, you can use the doctors and hospitals within the EPO network, but cannot go outside the network for care. There are no out-of-network benefits. Exclusive provider organizations (EPOs) are a lot like HMOs: They generally don't cover care outside the plan's provider network. Members, however, may not need a referral to see a specialist. Point of Service (POS) plans vary, but they're often a sort of hybrid HMO/PPO. (EPO不需要a referral to see a specialist， 但HMO需要referral。)
2. PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) 。A type of health plan that contracts with medical providers to create a network of participating providers. You pay less if you use providers that belong to the plan's network. This health care plan that allows people to see doctors or get services that are not part of a network. PPO plans provide more flexibility when picking a doctor or hospital. In addition, PPO insurance will pay if you see a non-network provider, although it may be at a lower rate.
PPO 也是一种 managed care organization (MCO) of medical doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers who have agreed with an insurer or a third-party。
3. HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) 。 A HMO is an organization that provides health coverage with providers under contract. Care under an HMO plan is covered only if you see a provider within that HMO’s network. There are few opportunities to see a non-network provider. There are also typically more restrictions for coverage than other plans, such as allowing only a certain number of visits, tests or treatments。
4． 关于MCO (Managed Care Organizations) 。 Managed care organization (MCO): a healthcare provider whose goal it is to provide appropriate, cost-effective medical treatment. Two types of these providers are the health maintenance organization (HMO) and the preferred provider organization (PPO).
关于公司医保，公司出多少钱，自己补贴多少钱，享受怎样的服务， 要看公司与保险公司的计划， 和你自己选择的计划， 有很多的选择。 简单出示两图， 你聪明， 一看就明白：
C, 不想谈O8Care， O8care will no longer be a mandate (meaning Americans must buy health insurance, which keeps the cost down for all Americans) 。
还有些insurance， 譬如 Long-term care insurance等等， 就不谈了。。。。。
