You will need visa for all the countries you land on and a valid visa to come back to US. Most those island countries won't waive visa for PRC passport.
Only US GC and citizen can travel without visa.
At your 1st port of call, say, Miami, the cruise staff will check all your documents. And, if you do not have all the visa, including a valid entry visa to US, your boarding will be denied and won't get much of your fee back because they believe it is your fault.
Call you agent and the cruise line company to confirm this.
good luck.