阴道感染（vaginal infection, also called vaginitis）
阴道感染，亦称阴道炎，是阴道受到刺激，导致阴道排出物发生变化、阴道搔痒、异味和其它症状。大多数妇女都有阴道排出物。阴道排出物保持阴道清洁和湿润。正常的排出物稍有气味，应该是无色、白色或黄色。阴道排出物干燥后，可能在内裤上留下黄色的痕迹。大约在两次月经的中间，有几天的阴道排出物可能量多、无色、湿滑。这时是卵巢的排卵期。
1.症状：
发生阴道感染时，可能会有以下一种或多种症状﹕
---阴道排出物的数量、颜色或气味发生变化
---阴道周围搔痒或灼痛
---排尿时有灼痛
---尿意频繁
---阴道口溃疡或长疣
--- 性交疼痛
--- 畏寒或发烧
---胃或腹部疼痛、痉挛
如果有任何感染症状，应立即致电医生。医生会进行检查，确定属于何种感染。
To diagnose your condition, your doctor may review your history of vaginal infections or sexually transmitted diseases and conduct a pelvic examination. Your doctor may take a sample（Culture swabs） of a cervical or vaginal discharge for laboratory analysis. This sample can confirm what kind of vaginitis you have. Your urine sample or blood sample may be collected as well if needed.
2.阴道感染的种类：
1）霉菌性感染：
霉菌性感染是由真菌引起的。阴道排出物很粘稠，呈白色，外观象起士（cottage cheese）。有浓重的气味，但并非恶臭。霉菌性感染可导致阴道搔痒。
The main symptom is itching, but you may have a white, thick discharge that resembles cottage cheese.
2）细菌性阴道炎（BV=Bacterial vaginosis）：
此类阴道感染由粪便内的细菌所导致。阴道排出物为水样，呈灰色，量多，有恶臭。排尿时可能疼痛，阴道周围搔痒。
You may develop a grayish-white, foul-smelling discharge. The odor, often described as fish-like, may be more obvious after sexual intercourse.
3）萎缩性阴道炎：
阴道变薄和萎缩，导致此类感染。停经后、生产或哺乳期雌性素水平低，可能发生萎缩性阴道炎。萎缩性阴道炎可导致排出物、搔痒和灼痛。排尿和性交可能困难和疼痛。
4） 滴虫性阴道炎：
“滴虫病”是一种由寄生虫引起的性传播感染。可能出现阴道排出物量大，有异味，阴道搔痒，性交疼痛，排尿疼痛。有些妇女没有症状。如果伴侣不同时接受治疗，可能会重复感染。
This infection can cause a greenish yellow, sometimes frothy discharge.
3.诊治：
如果任何感染症状，应立即去看医生。治疗方法﹕
1）药物：
---遵医嘱咐服完所有药物。药物服完前，即使排出物消失，感染可能仍存在。
---霉菌性感染Yeast infections. Yeast infections usually are treated with an antifungal cream or suppository, such as miconazole (Monistat) and clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin). Yeast infections may also be treated with an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole (Diflucan). The advantages of over-the-counter treatment for a yeast infection are convenience, cost and not having to wait to see your doctor. The catch is you may be treating something other than a yeast infection. It's possible to mistake a yeast infection for other types of vaginitis or other conditions that need different treatment. Using the wrong medicine may delay a proper diagnosis and the most appropriate treatment, and can lead to complications.
---细菌性阴道病Bacterial vaginosis. For this type of vaginitis, your doctor may prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel) or clindamycin (Cleocin) as tablets or vaginal gels or creams.
--- 滴虫性阴道炎Trichomoniasis. Your doctor may prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl) tablets. Both sex partners are treated with the medicine even if they do not have signs of the disease.
---萎缩性阴道炎Atrophic vaginitis. Estrogen, in the form of vaginal creams, tablets or rings, can effectively treat atrophic vaginitis. This treatment is available by prescription from your doctor.
---非感染性阴道炎Noninfectious vaginitis. To treat this type of vaginitis, you need to pinpoint the source of the irritation and avoid it. Possible sources include new soap, laundry detergent, sanitary napkins or tampons.
***You'll need prescription medication to treat trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis and atrophic vaginitis. ***
（除了霉菌性感染有OTC药可买以外，你必需有医生的处方来治疗细菌性阴道炎、滴虫性阴道炎和萎缩性阴道炎。）
***If you know you have a yeast infection, you may go ahead with treatment on your own, taking these steps:
---Use an over-the-counter medication specifically for yeast infections. Options include one-day, three-day or seven-day courses of cream or vaginal suppositories. The active ingredient in these products is clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin), miconazole (Monistat) or tioconazole (Vagistat). Some products also come with an external cream to apply to the labia and opening of the vagina. Follow package directions and complete the entire course of treatment even if you're feeling better right away.
---Apply a cold compress, such as a washcloth, to the labial area to ease discomfort until the antifungal medication takes full effect. ***
2）洗澡
--- 每天盆浴或淋浴，洗净外阴。
---尽量保持外阴部位干燥。穿棉制内衣。
3）卫生垫
---如果排出物量大，使用卫生垫。
---切勿使用卫生棉条来吸收排出物。
有些阴道感染可能通过性接触而传播，因此患者和患者的伴侣有可能需要同时接受治疗。请向医生询问自己的伴侣是否需要接受治疗。如果医生要求复查，务必预约时间接受复查。
4.预防阴道感染：
如果阴道感染反复发作，应试用下列预防措施：
1）避免细菌从直肠传播到阴道。大便后，自前向后擦拭，避免接触阴道。
2）洗净阴唇，尽量保持外阴干燥。
3）避免使用刺激性的肥皂或洗涤剂、女用卫生喷雾、带香味的卫生纸或带香味的卫生棉条。
4）用热肥皂水冲洗并清干净避孕膜和杀精剂施药器。（Clean diaphragms and spermicidal applicators with hot soapy water and rinse well.）
5）切勿盥洗阴道。（Do not douche.）
---盥洗阴道可能会洗走良性细菌，导致阴道感染增加。（Using a douche can wash away good bacteria and cause you to have more vaginal infections.）
---月经期间，阴道排出物的气味可能有变化，这是正常现象。如果有无法洗去的异味，须咨询医生或护士。
--- 性交后盥洗阴道并不能防止怀孕。
---盥洗阴道会增加盆腔发炎性疾病的发生率。
6）避免穿紧身长裤、游泳裤或没有纯棉裤裆的裤袜和其它透气性不佳的衣物。
7）切勿自行治疗。自行治疗只会加剧问题。
8）应该使用安全套来预防感染性传播疾病（STD）。
如果有任何疑问或担心，请咨询医生或护士。
Question1：Are there any effective home remedies for vaginal yeast infections?
Answer：from Sandhya Pruthi, M.D.
from Vaginal yeast infections: Are home remedies effective?
A number of natural products purport to prevent or cure vaginal yeast infections — a form of vaginitis — without prescription medication. Some popular home remedies include vinegar douches, tea tree oil cream, and vaginal suppositories made with garlic or boric acid.
Anecdotally, some women report success with these home remedies. However, well-designed, randomized, controlled trials would be needed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of these therapies before any reliable clinical recommendations can be made.
One exception may be Lactobacillus acidophilus, a type of beneficial bacteria normally found in the vagina. One study found that vaginal suppositories containing L. acidophilus did improve symptoms of vaginal yeast infections. However, other studies of oral preparations of L. acidophilus found little benefit.
Question2：Is it OK to douche?
Answer：from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_infections/page10_em.htm
Because conventional treatments for vaginal yeast infections — including antifungal creams and suppositories — are generally effective, it's probably best to use such treatments instead of home remedies.
---Because the chemical balance of the vagina is very sensitive, it is best to let the vagina clean itself. The vagina takes care of cleaning itself naturally through secretions of mucus. Warm water and gentle, unscented soap during the bath or shower is the best way to clean the outside areas of the vagina. Products like feminine hygiene soaps, powders and sprays are not necessary, and may be harmful.
---Douching is rinsing or cleaning out the vagina by squirting water or other solutions (such as vinegar, baking soda, or douching solutions you can buy at drug and grocery stores) into the vagina. The water or solutions are held in a bottle and squirted into the vagina through tubing and a nozzle. Although douching is a common practice among women in the United States, health care providers do not recommend douching to clean the vagina. Douching changes the delicate chemical balance in the vagina, which can make you more likely to develop a vaginal infection. Research shows that women who douche regularly tend to have more problems such as vaginal infections than women who do not douche or who rarely douche.
（感谢姐妹们对我的信任，因为读了我回xiaofeng_44106的问贴，这几天陆陆续续地收到悄悄话询问有关妇科保健的问题。先要声明一下，我不是医生，而是个护士。今天查了网页，收集了这些资料。对我来说也是一次学习。希望此帖能提供一些基本的常识，让大家心中有数。平时注重个人卫生、预防保健为主。有疑问或症状严重时，请看医生或妇科医生确诊，不要拖延、不要自己乱治。再次谢谢大家的信任，祝各位美丽、健康！）
参考资料：
1.http://www.healthinfotranslations.org/pdfDocs/Vaginal_Infection-CHS.pdf（中英文对照）
2.Vaginal-Infection（英文）
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