【青铜器时代与中国冶金史】

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中国的青铜器何时起源,是学术界仍在探索的问题。一说由西方人从新疆带过来,如小河墓地

中国青铜器最早从公元前五千年出现,到在汉代逐渐由铁器所取代,中国的青铜时代跨越了约三千年的历史长河。青铜合金主要以--为主要原料。

中国最早的青铜器是?

最重要的是在甘肃林家遗址的房址(F20:18)中
出土了一件青铜刀,在H54灰坑中出土了铜渣
。铜刀由两块范浇铸而成,表面平整,薄厚
均匀,短柄长刃,刀尖圆钝,微上翘,弧背
,柄端有明显的安装木把的痕迹。通长12.5
厘米。1981年经北京钢铁学院冶金研究所检
验,为含锡青铜。距今约4700年,是中国迄
今的最早的一件青铜铸器,此发现将我国铜
制工具史提前千余年。

 

公元1973年,人们在陕西临潼姜寨仰韶文化遗址中的一处房屋遗迹里发现了一件圆形的残铜片。房屋的年代经碳14测定为公元前4700年左右。考古学家鉴定铜片为铸造而成的黄铜器,即铜合金。

 

中国出土的最早的青铜器,是1975年在甘肃东乡林家出土的马家窑文化的青铜小刀,年代约为公元前3000年 。在约4000年前的传说的夏朝时期,中国开始进入青铜时代。

夏朝时期青铜器以二里头文化中的青铜器为代表。

商朝开始,青铜器文化走向发展的顶峰。商朝青铜器大致可以分为二里冈期和殷墟期两个阶段,即以商王盘庚迁都于殷为分野。

 

 Related image中国古代青铜器

 

Diffusion of metallurgy in Europe and Asia Minor – the darkest areas are the oldest.

The Bronze Age (About 3700 BC to about 500 BC) 

The Bronze Age starts at different areas of the world at different times. The knowledge of how to mix the copper and tin moves slowly from place to place, plus many areas have no tin and/or copper to make the new metal.

------

 
China (About 2400 BC) 

The Longshan people of China live from around 3000 BC to 2400 BC. Toward the end of this period they are using bronze to make tools and weapons.

---------

In China, the earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site (between 3100 and 2700 BC),

---------

 

The Bronze Age Timeline
Timeline Description: The Bronze Age was a period of time between the Stone Age and the Iron Age when bronze was used widely to make tools, weapons, and other implements. Bronze is made when copper is heated and mixed with tin, creating a stronger metal than copper. 

The Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a period of time between the Stone Age and the Iron Age when bronze was used widely to make tools, weapons, and other implements. Bronze is made when copper is heated and mixed with tin, creating a stronger metal than copper.

3769 B.C.

Near and Middle East (About 3769 BC)

Bronze is already in use at this time. No one knows exactly where or how bronze was first discovered. By around 3500 BC, farm tools and weapons are being made of this new metal in these areas.

3700 B.C.

The Bronze Age (About 3700 BC to about 500 BC)

The Bronze Age starts at different areas of the world at different times. The knowledge of how to mix the copper and tin moves slowly from place to place, plus many areas have no tin and/or copper to make the new metal.

3500 B.C.

Bronze Age begins in Bohemia (3500 BC to 3001 BC).

Bronze is being used in the Mediterranean and Eastern European areas. This new metal is expensive to make, plus a craftsman is needed to make this new alloy.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Near and Middle East (About 3769 BC)

 
 

The Bronze Age (About 3700 BC to about 500 BC)

 
 

Bronze Age begins in Bohemia (3500 BC to 3001 BC).

 
 

Indus Valley (About 2500 BC)

 
 

China (About 2400 BC)

 
 

Europe (About 2300 BC)

 
 

Britain (About 2000 BC)

 
 

Yellow River Valley (About 1700 BC or so)

 
 

Mycenaean Civilization (About 1650 BC)

 
 

Egypt (About 1640 BC)

 
 

Start of the Middle Bronze Age (About 1500 BC)

 
 

Alps and Central and Eastern Europe (About 1250 BC)

 
 

Yellow River Area, China (About 1122 BC to 221 BC)

 
 

Korea (About 1000 BC)

 
 

Japan (About 300 BC)

 
 
 
4000 B.C.
3000 B.C.
2000 B.C.
1000 B.C.
0
1000
3800 B.C.
3400 B.C.
 
2600 B.C.
2200 B.C.
1800 B.C.
1400 B.C.
 
600 B.C.
200 B.C.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date Event
3700 BC The Bronze Age (About 3700 BC to about 500 BC) 

The Bronze Age starts at different areas of the world at different times. The knowledge of how to mix the copper and tin moves slowly from place to place, plus many areas have no tin and/or copper to make the new metal.
3769 BC Near and Middle East (About 3769 BC) 

Bronze is already in use at this time. No one knows exactly where or how bronze was first discovered. By around 3500 BC, farm tools and weapons are being made of this new metal in these areas.
3500 BC Bronze Age begins in Bohemia (3500 BC to 3001 BC). 

Bronze is being used in the Mediterranean and Eastern European areas. This new metal is expensive to make, plus a craftsman is needed to make this new alloy.
2500 BC Indus Valley (About 2500 BC) 

The Indus Valley civilization in present day India is a large early trading center. Bronze tools, weapons, statuary, jewelry, and even toys have been discovered from this time period.
2400 BC China (About 2400 BC) 

The Longshan people of China live from around 3000 BC to 2400 BC. Toward the end of this period they are using bronze to make tools and weapons.
2300 BC Europe (About 2300 BC) 

The Bronze Age starts about 2300 BC in Europe. Few tools are made in the beginning, but by 1200 BC bronze has replaced all stone tools.
2000 BC Britain (About 2000 BC) 

Bronze starts to be worked in Britain. Eventually they will make such items as axeheads, knives, spearheads, razors, and swords. The vast use of bronze continues to about 500 BC.
1700 BC Yellow River Valley (About 1700 BC or so) 

The Shang Dynasty of China uses bronze regularly. They even set up bronze-working communities. Around 1200 BC Lady Hao, the wife of King Wuding, dies and is buried with many items for the afterlife including bronze vessels, armor, bells, tools, knives, and tigers.
1650 BC Mycenaean Civilization (About 1650 BC) 

The Mycenaean civilization, located in present-day Greece, used bronze until about 1100 BC. The southern coastal community of Phylos had 400 laborers for their bronze-working industry.
1640 BC Egypt (About 1640 BC) 

The Egyptians didn't have bronze until they were invaded by the Hyksos around 1640 BC. The Hyksos brought chariots and weapons made from bronze.
1500 BC Start of the Middle Bronze Age (About 1500 BC) 

Bronze is starting to be found in Western Europe. The undeveloped areas of Northern Europe don't use bronze until about 1000 BC.
1250 BC Alps and Central and Eastern Europe (About 1250 BC) 

Around this time bronze swords and helmets are made in these areas.
1122 BC Yellow River Area, China (About 1122 BC to 221 BC) 

After the defeat of the Shang Dynasty, the Chou Dynasty continues to use bronze-working techniques until iron is introduced after 770 BC.
1000 BC Korea (About 1000 BC) 

The Chinese are the ones who eventually introduce bronze-working to the Koreans around 1000 BC.
300 BC Japan (About 300 BC) 

The Japanese were using bronze and iron tools at this time that may have been brought over from south Korea. Though it developed slowly the Bronze Age was a tremendous time of technological advancement that helped early civilizations flourish and expand.





 

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