关于民国饥荒死亡人数问题的不完全考证
作者:胡江波
关于民国饥荒死亡人数问题的不完全考证此前鲜见有人提起,这并不符合逻辑,因此动了求证之心。
1925年川黔湘鄂赣五省大饥荒,死人数不详。
1928-1930年北方八省大饥荒:死1300多万人。这是一次以旱为主,蝗、风、雪、雹、水、疫并发的巨灾,以陕西、甘肃为中心,遍及山西、绥远、河北、察哈尔、热河、河南八省,并波及鲁、苏、皖、鄂、湘、川、桂等省的一部或大部,灾情从1928年延续到1930年,造成的逃荒人流无法数计,倒毙在荒原上的饿殍大约1000万。陕西原有人口1300万,在三年大荒中,沦为饿殍、死于疫病的300多万人,流离失所者600多万,两者合计占全省人口的70%。难民估计达五千万左右。
1931年饥荒:长江1931-1949年发生水灾11次,其中1931年、1937年两次水灾死人都超过14万人,1931年灾民1亿人,水灾后因饥饿、瘟疫而死亡的人数达300万人;
1934年全国大旱灾,导致饥荒,饿死过600万人。
1936年-1937年川甘大饥荒:成都盆地各县外都是灾区,受灾大约3700余万人。1936年至1937年四川大灾中饿死的人数,没有精确统计的数字,只能从当时的报纸上略知一二:四川万源县人口骤减三分之一。甘肃死人数目亦不详。
1941年广东大饥荒,死人数不详。
1942年中原大饥荒:仅河南一省就饿死300万人。1942年,“水旱蝗汤”四大灾害轮番袭击中原地区的110个县,1000万众的河南省(注:河南人口应为3000万),有300万人饿死,另有300万人西出潼关做流民,沿途饿死、病死、扒火车挤踩摔(天冷手僵从车顶上摔下来)轧而死者无数。妇女售价累跌至平时的十分之一,壮丁售价只及过去的三分之一。
1943年广东大饥荒,300万人冻饿而亡。
WIKI关于中国历史饥荒有专门的章节综述,原文大致翻译如下:
在WIKI的List of famines页面,录入的从19世纪至今与中国有关的几次大饥荒的情况(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines#19th_century):
19th century
1、Four famines – in 1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849 – in China claimed nearly 45 million lives.
2、1850–1873 as a result of Taiping Rebellion, drought, and famine, the population of China drop by over 60 million people.
3、1876–1879 ENSO Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 13 million people. 5.25 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India.
4、1896–1897 ENSO famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer Rebellion.
20th century
5、1907,1911 famines in east-central China.
6、1928–1929 famine in northern China. The drought resulted in 3 million deaths.
7、1936 famine in China, with an estimated 5 million fatalities.
8、1942–1943 famine killed one million in China.
9、1959–1961 Great Leap Forward / The Great Chinese Famine (China). The Chinese journalist Yang Jisheng has estimated that 36 million died.
6、1928–1929 famine in northern China. The drought resulted in 3 million deaths.
7、1936 famine in China, with an estimated 5 million fatalities.
8、1942–1943 famine killed one million in China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines#19th_century
原图链接:http://s2.sinaimg.cn/middle/62085ab3t7514a646f561&690
20 deadliest famines
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The following text needs to be harmonized with text in List of famines. |
Note: Some of these famines may be caused or partially caused by humans.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 15,000,000–43,000,000 | Great Chinese Famine | China | 1958–1961 |
2. | 24,000,000 | Chinese Famine of 1907 | China | 1907 |
3. | 19,000,000 | Indian Famine | British India | 1896–1902 |
4. | 15,000,000 | Bengal famine of 1770, incl. Bihar & Orissa | India | 1769–1771 |
5. | 13,000,000[52] | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 | China | 1876–1879 |
6. | 10,000,000 | Indian Great Famine of 1876–78 | India | 1876–1879 |
7. | 7,500,000 | Great European Famine | Europe (all) | 1315–1317 |
8. | 7,000,000-10,000,000 | Soviet famine of 1932–1933 (Holodomor in Ukraine) | Soviet Union | 1932–1934 |
9. | 5,000,000 | Chinese Famine of 1936 | China | 1936 |
10. | 5,000,000 | Russian famine of 1921 | Russia, Ukraine | 1921–1922 |
11. | 3,000,000 | Chinese Drought 1941 | China | 1941 |
12. | 3,000,000 | Chinese famine of 1928–1930 | China | 1928–1930 |
13. | 2,000,000 | Russian famine of 1601–1603 | Russia (Muscovy) | 1601–1603 |
14. | 2,000,000 | Vietnamese Famine of 1945 | Vietnam | 1943–1945 |
15. | 2,000,000 | Deccan Famine of 1630–32 | India | 1630–1632 |
16. | 1,500,000–4,000,000 | Bengal Famine of 1943 | India | 1943 |
17. | 1,200,000-3,500,000 | North Korean famine | North Korea | 1996–1998 |
18. | 1,000,000–1,500,000 | Great Irish Famine | Ireland | 1846–1849 |
19. | 1,000,000 | 1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia | Ethiopia | 1984 |
20. | 1,000,000 | Horn of Africa famine | Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia | 1888 |
(来源:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_62085ab30100lhze.html)